语言学合作原则.ppt

文档介绍：The Cooperative Principle
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Introduction
1967年，哲学家Herbert Paul Grice就话语交际的普遍规律发表了自己的独特见解，首次提出用于解释人类话语交际规律的合作原则。
在Grice（1975）可能来，交谈之所以不是一连串不连贯的话语，是因为交际双方都必须遵守一些基本原则，这保证了交际活动能够顺利进行。他把这种交际者共同遵守的原则称为“合作原则”（Cooperative Principle）.
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Grice(1975)将合作原则定义如下：合作原则要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈中所说的话符合当时交谈的目标和方向。
The co-operative principle:
Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged
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说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是语言合作的结果。
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Contents of CP
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The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Try to make your contribution one
that is true:
1)Do not say what you believe to be false.
2)Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence.
Quality
质
说真话
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The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
1)Make your contribution as informative
as required.
2)Do not make your contribution more
informative than is required.
Quantity
量
不多说，
也不少说。
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The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Be relevant.
Relation
相关
说话要相关，贴切。
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The Cooperative Principle (合作原则)
Be perspicuous, and specifically:
1) avoid obscurity of expression.
避免晦涩
2) avoid
3) be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity).
简单明了
4) be
Manner
方式
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The Gricean co-operative principle and its attendant maxims can be simplified in:
a. The co-operative principle
Be cooperative.
b. The maxims of conversation
Quality: Be truthful.
i)Don’t say what is false.
ii)Don’t say what lacks evidence.
Quantity: i)Don’t say less than is required.
ii) Don’t say more than is requied.
Relation: Be relevant.
Manner: Be perspicuous.