文档介绍：语言学的基本概念
What is linguistics?
The definition: Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, orz alternatively, the scientific study of language.
The moin bronches of Linguisi^es: Phonetics 语音学
Phonology音位学
I Morphology 形态学
Syntax句法学
Semantics语义学
(Pragmatics 语用学
General Linguistics & Applied Linguistics
The main difference
CGeneral Linguistics:理论研究，研究对象为人类所有语言
L Applied Linguistics:应用研究，语言在各个领域的实际应用
The main branches of each
r General Linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax,
< semantics, Pragmatics
I Applied Linguistics: Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics,
Physiological Phonelics, etc. (Page 64, Paral)
Note:上述应用语言学分分支，指的是广义的应用语言学的分支，狭义的应用 语言学只指语言教学
Important distinctions in Linguistics
Descriptive Linguistics . Prescriptive Linguistics
Don' t say X. ► a prescriptive command
People don' t sq ► a descriptive statement
The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
jPrescriptive Linguistics:规定正确的用法，按照此规定使用语言
I Descriptive Linguistics:语言的实际用法
Synchronic Linguistics . Diachronic Linguistics
——Saussure
piachronic Linguistics: the study of language through the course of its histckry.
Synchronic Linguistics: the study of language, which takes a fixed
instant as its point of observation.
Speech . Writing
Speech: communication by word of mouth
Writing: symbol of language
La