文档介绍：the key points of blood culture 血培养注意事项
(1) before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever；在抗 菌药物应用前，和寒战高热时采血；(2) repeat more than 3 times；多次送检，不同部位 (3) the amount of the blood sample should be>10ml in adults or older children, >5ml in infants；每次采血量 5-10ml (4)blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for 养基中加入硫酸镁，B-内酰***酶或对氨基苯甲酸，或采用血块培养 ⑸bone marrow culture is recommended;骨髓培养阳4性率高(6)drug sensitivity test is very 验。
Hemodialysis indication :肾少尿期透析指征
(1)Oliguric lasts) 4d, or anuria) 24h 少尿 4 天，无尿 24h 以上(2)Concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased:BUN) 28. 56mmol/l 明显氮质血症，血 BUN ⑶High catabolism state 高分解状态，每天 BUN 上升>7. 14n)mol/l
(4)Hyperkalemia 高血钾>6mniol/l, (5)Pulmonary edema or hypervolemic syndrome 高血容 量综合征，肺水肿。
clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravis (重型肝炎的诊断标准)?
Acute<=2W<亚急性 subacute<26W〈慢性 chronicl ) Severe digestive disorder: poor feeding, nausea and frequent vomiting, fatigue;严重消化道症状：恶心呕吐乏力食欲 下降 2) Progressively deepened jaundice;黄疸进行性加深：TB 胆红素每天>=17. 1 u mol/1 or >171 u mol/1; 3) Hepatoencephalopathy;肝性脑病 4) Hepatorenal syndrome;肝肾综 合征 5) Decreased volume of liver;肝萎缩 6) Bleeding pronenss;出血倾向 7) Rapidly increased ascites腹水增长迅速8)胆酶分离9) PTA<40%(凝血酶原活动度)，INR>1. 50 国际标准化比率
试述肝性脑病的防治措施。 ⑴氨中毒的防治：