文档介绍：Lecture 9: Enlightenment: What is Enlightenment?
Enlightenment
A European cultural movement that reached its height in the 18th century, but which still resonates today. Enlightenment theories about economics and philosophy, still widely held today, have provided the basis for numerous critiques from numerous critics, including members of the Frankfurt school and most of the leading French thinkers of modern and postmodern eras.
Characteristics of the Enlightenment:
1) Reason should control your actions, not dogma. Don't believe something just because it's traditional.
2) Doubt everything, lead to Locke's concept of political rights.
3) Linked to development of modern science, ., Immanuel Kant.
4) Important figures - Descartes, John Locke, Leibnitz, John Stuart Mill, David Hume, Adam Smith, John Milton.
The Enlightenment defined and celebrated modern ideas about reason and rationalism
Montesquieu and Rousseau
Ethos of 18 Century: Reason and Intellectual
对比十七世纪:演绎理性(Descartes)和本体论个人主义(Hobbes & Locke);
启蒙运动的理性:作为能力的理性(对比先验理性);作为分析和建构的理性,分解一切对象至于最简单的成分,并据以建构对象的整体;作为批判的理性,确立理性为最高及最后的标准,将一切事物置于理性的法庭上加以审判,以能动的人的理性取代任何其他的权威。
知识分子:作为知识的生产者、传播者和世界秩序的立法者,世俗知识分子第一次在教会外形成为独立的知识群体和阶层(沙龙、咖啡馆等)。
Theory of Human Nature
Here then is the only expedient, from which we can hope for ess in our philosophical researches, to leave the tedious lingering method, which we have hitherto followed, and instead of taking now and then a castle or village on the frontier, to march up directly to the capital or center of these sciences, to human nature itself; which being once masters of, we may every where else hope for an easy victory. From this station we may extend our conquests over all those sciences, which more intimately concern human life, and may afterwards proceed at leisure to discover more fully those, which are the objects of pore curiosity. There is no question of importance, whose decision is priz'd in the science of man; and there is none, which can be decided with any ce