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语言学的基本概念
What is linguistics?
The definition: Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or, alternatively, the scientific study of language.
The main branches of Linguistics: Phonetics 语音学
Phonology 音位学
Morphology 形态学
Syntax 句法学
Semantics 语义学
Pragmatics 语用学
General Linguistics & Applied Linguistics
The main difference
General Linguistics: 理论研究，研究对象为人类所有语言
Applied Linguistics: 应用研究，语言在各个领域的实际应用
The main branches of each
General Linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, Pragmatics
Applied Linguistics: Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Physiological Phonelics, etc. (Page 64, Para1)
Note: 上述应用语言学分分支，指的是广义的应用语言学的分支，狭义的应用语言学只指语言教学
Important distinctions in Linguistics
Descriptive Linguistics . Prescriptive Linguistics
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Don’t say X. a prescriptive command
People don’t say X. a descriptive statement
The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
Prescriptive Linguistics: 规定正确的用法，按照此规定使用语言
Descriptive Linguistics: 语言的实际用法
Synchronic Linguistics . Diachronic Linguistics ----Saussure