文档介绍：Third World Development
I. The Development Problem
II. Theories of Development
A. Modernization and Export-led Industrialization
B. Dependency and Import-Substitution
Industrialization
C. The Neoliberal Consensus
III. Aid and Development
IV. Questions for the Future
I. The Development
Problem
A. Scaled to →
Population
B. Scaled to →
National e
Real per capita GDP
• US = $41,800
• Brazil = $8,500 (20%)
• China = $6,200 (15%)
• India = $3,400 (8%)
• Nigeria = $900 (2%)
• Sierra Leone = $800 (%)
Source: CIA World Factbook 2005.
Human Development
United Nations Human Development Index (HDI)
Includes literacy, life expectancy, and per capita GDP
Top 5 Bottom 5
1. Norway (.963) 1. Niger (.281)
2. Iceland (.956) 2. Sierra Leone (.298)
3. Australia (.955) 3. Burkina Faso (.317)
4. Luxembourg (.949) 4. Mali (.333)
5. Canada (.949)… 5. Chad (.341)
10. United States (.944)
e v.
HDI Score
II. Theories of Development
• MODERNIZATION THEORY
– Derived from Western experience of
industrialization
– Shift from traditional to modern
social/political/ economic systems
– Key is domestic transformation
Export-Led Industrialization
• Asian Model -- combines liberalism and
mercantilism
– State control (protection), but to maximize
advantages within markets
– Open to FDI and focus on trade (exports)
•“Tiger Economies”…now China
II. Theories of Development
• DEPENDENCY THEORY
• Bandung (Indonesia) Conference (1955)
leads to Non-aligned Movement
• UNCTAD and Group of 77 (1964)
• OPEC and oil embargo (1973)
• New International Economic Order – NIEO
(1974)
Import Substitution Industrialization
• Poor terms of trade and controlling
relationship with MNCs
• Close off economy to imports and FDI
• Substitute with locally made products
– Get Ford out of country; make your own cars.
• Problems: Created petitive, inefficient,
heavily subsidized firms.
Neoliberalism
•‘Washington Consensus’(I