文档介绍：科学研究的基本要素
创造性的因素
创新性或革新的因素
科学方法的应用
新知识的产生和应用
Scientific Research Methodology
Scientific research methodology is a procedure used to logically develop an understanding of the world in which we live.
精品资料
你怎么称呼老师？
如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？
你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？
教师的教鞭
“不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……”
“太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
The basic steps involved in a scientific study:
Define an area, subject, question, or problem to be studied.
Do background research to determine what is already known about the subject to be studied.
Develop a hypothesis or multiple hypotheses to guide the project or study.
The basic steps involved in a scientific study: (continued)
4. Gather data and observations by conducting field studies or experiments.
5. Analysis and interpret results and data.
6. Use the analysis to support, reject, or reevaluate the hypothesis and the null hypothesis.
7. Publish the results of the scientific research.
科学研究的基本方法
观察法：临床观察
实验法：实验条件下的观察
调查法：流行病学调查、营养调查
Research may be classified according to purpose as: 1. Descriptive studies 2. Analytical studies
Descriptive studies include: 1. Qualitative research — generate narrative data, ., data described in words instead of numbers. 2. Case reports 3. Case series 4. Survey research
Analytical studies include: 1. Experimental designs, such as clinical trials; 2. Observational research designs, such as cohort or follow-up studies and case control studies.