文档介绍：Fernando & Yvonn Quijano Prepared by: The Analysis petitive Markets 9 C H A P T E R Copyright ? 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Chapter 9: The Analysis petitive Markets 2 of 28 Copyright ? 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. CHAPTER 9 OUTLINE Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies — Consumer and Producer Surplus The Efficiency of petitive Market Minimum Prices Price Supports and Production Quotas Import Quotas and Tariffs The Impact of a Tax or Subsidy Chapter 9: The Analysis petitive Markets 3 of 28 Copyright ? 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSES FROM GOVERNMENT POLICIES — CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUS Review of Consumer and Producer Surplus Consumer A would pay $10 for a good whose market price is $5 and therefore enjoys a benefit of $5. Consumer B enjoys a benefit of $2, and Consumer C , who values the good at exactly the market price, enjoys no benefit. Consumer surplus, which measures the total benefit to all consumers, is the yellow- shaded area between the demand curve and the market price. Consumer and Producer Surplus Figure Chapter 9: The Analysis petitive Markets 4 of 28 Copyright ? 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSES FROM GOVERNMENT POLICIES — CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUS Review of Consumer and Producer Surplus Producer surplus measures the total profits of producers, plus rents to factor inputs. It is the benefit that lower- cost producers enjoy by selling at the market price, shown by the green-shaded area between the supply curve and the market price. Together, consumer and producer surplus measure the welfare benefit of