文档介绍：CHAPTER 3
The Foundations of Planning
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Learning Objectives-1
Define planning
Explain the potential benefits of planning
Identify the potential drawbacks of pare strategic and tactical pare directional and specific plans
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Learning Objectives-2
Discuss Management by Objectives
Outline the strategic management process
Describe the four grand strategies
Explain SWOT analysis
Learn how entrepreneurs and bureaucratic managers approach strategy
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Reduce the
Impact of Change
Provide
Direction
Minimize Waste
or Redundancy
Set Control
Standards
Reasons
for Planning
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Arguments
Against
Strategic
Planning
Rigid Assumptions
of Stability
Intuition
and Creativity
Dynamic
Environment
Focus on Today’s
Competition
ess lead
to Failure
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Does Planning Improve Performance?
Financial results
Quality and implementation
Environmental constraints
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Objectives
Time Frame
Scope
How Do Strategic and Tactical Plans Differ?
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The Time Frame of Planning
Short-Term
Plans
Long-Term
Plans
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Specific Plans
Directional Plans
Clear
General
Low
High
Flexibility
Objectives
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Single-Use and Standing Plans
Unique
Situations
Ongoing
Operations
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