文档介绍：1. 心的位置、毗邻，出入心的大血管的外形和位置，
心的外形和腔内结构
2. 心瓣膜复合器研究进展
3. 心的胚胎发生
4. 先天性心脏病
5. 心壁的构造和心的神经支配
6. 心传导系的应用解剖
7. 心的血供和静脉血回流
8. astomosis and Significance
Between artery and artery
Between vein and vein
Between artery and vein: For instance, existing on
tips of fingers, apex of nose and auricle
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Colleteral Anatomosis & Colleteral Circulation
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A. Size
Roughly equal
clenched fist of
the same
individual
male: 300g;
female: 250g
The size of the
heart varies from
person to person
2. Location, relationship & shape of the heart
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B. Location
in the thoracic cavity
occupies middle medastinum
enclosed by pericardium
2/3 on left, 1/3 on right
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左上点：左第2肋软骨下缘
距胸骨侧缘约。
左下点：左第5肋间隙
锁骨中线内侧1~2cm。
右上点：右第3肋软骨上缘
距胸骨侧缘约1cm。
右下点：右第6胸肋关节
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心的位置与体型有关，故正常心按位置分三型：
（1）垂位心 纵径与垂直轴的夹角 < 45º，见于瘦长型
（2）横位心 纵径与膈的夹角 > 45º，见于矮胖型
（3）斜位心 纵径与膈的夹角=45º，见于适中型
心的位置异常
位于胸前壁皮下
位于腹腔
反位
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Please note:
The heart varies
in location during
different phases
of respiration and
in pneumothorax.
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The angle between the cardiac axis and midsagittal plane
is proximately 45 degree.
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The right atrium forms the right
border of the heart.
The right ventricle forms most
potions of sternocostal surface
and small portions of
diaphragmatic surface.
The left atrium forms the base
of the heart and lies in the back
of the heart.
The left ventricle forms the left
border, apex and most portions
of the diaphragmatic surface of
the heart.
Since the heart tube twisted during embryonic development, the atria
are posterior and superior to the ventricles, the right atrium and
ventricle are anterior to the left atrium and ventricle and to the right.
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C. Relationships
Anterior--sternum, 2~6 cartilages
Posterior--5~8 thoracic vertebrae
Inferior--Diaphragm
Superior--great blood vessel