文档介绍：Fundamentals of Lean
Professor Deborah Nightingale
September 9, 2002
Deborah Nightingale © 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1
Lean is a New Approach to Managing
Enterprises
¾ Origin and evolution of lean concepts
¾ Core lean principles & practices
¾ How lean differs from craft and mass
production models of anization
¾ Lean implementation steps
¾ Value stream mapping
Deborah Nightingale © 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2
Lean was Born out of Necessity: How to
Withstand the Mass Production Behemoths
¾ On August 15, 1945 -- end of war with Japan -- Toyota faced a
daunting challenge: How to eed against Western mass
production auto giants poised to enter Japanese market?
¾ Kiichiro Toyoda to Taiichi Ohno (father of lean production): “Catch
up with America in three years.”
¾ Ohno’s challenge: How to design a production system exploiting
central weaknesses of mass production model
¾ Japan faced many dilemmas: small & fragmented market,
depleted workforce, scarce natural resources, little capital
¾ Lean evolved as a coherent response to this challenge over a
number of decades -- a dynamic process of learning and
adaptation later labeled as “lean production” by Western
observers
Deborah Nightingale © 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3
Lean Response: Use Less of Everything, Offer
Greater Variety of Higher Quality & More Affordable
Products in Less Time
¾ Best Japanese panies developed a
fundamentally different way of making things
¾ panies changed the dynamics of
petition
¾ New goals in manufacturing systems --
combined benefits of craft and mass
production
¾ Improved quality
¾ High productivity
¾ Efficiency at low volumes
¾ Production flexibility
¾ Rapid, efficient development cycle
¾ Product mix diversity
¾ Lean production contrasts with traditional
mass production paradigm
¾ Systemic principles are transf