文档介绍:Chapter FourFrom Word to Text
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Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents a girl
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It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
strong man
The tallest boy smiles.
pretty girl
yesterday.
He went there last week.
the day before.
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This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations.
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Relation of Co-occurrence
It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
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Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
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2. Grammatical construction and its constituents
Grammatical Construction
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.
an apple
ate an apple
Mary ate an apple
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Constituents and Phrase Structure
Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction:
the girl (NP)
ate the apple (VP)
the girl ate the apple (S)
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Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)
The girl ate the apple
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Phrase StructureTree diagram
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The girl ate the apple
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Bracketing
Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituent/phrase structure of a grammatical unit.
(((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple))))
[S[NP[Det The][N girl]][VP[V a