文档介绍：Chapter 2 Structure Orderings and Symmetry Breaking§ PreambleSolid: a macroscopic system with 1023/cm3 particles, plex many-particle (including electrons and ions) system.?Microscopic processes in condensed matter: determined by individual and collective motion of interacting electrons and ions;?Macroscopic properties in condensed matter: overall reflections of interactions between particles and collective concepts, . conductivity, ism, specific heat, phase transitions, etc., can only be defined for a system with a collection of many particles, not for a single essence, the basic issue in condensed matter physics is to solve plicated quantum-mechanical many-particle occurs with lowering -range order (LRO)Short-range order (SRO)Phase diagram for waterDisordered phaseSRO: ordering extends to a few atoms or even just neighbors, where the correlation function decays exponentially with position;LRO: ordering may extend to a macroscopic distance, where the correlation function varies spatially to reach asymptotically a nonzero valve (below a certain temperature).SROLROQuasi long-range order (QLRO): between SRO and LRO, where the correlation function decays in a power vortices, KT phaseVisualizing Critical Correlations Near the Metal-Insulator Transition in Ga1-xMnxAs Science5 February 2010:Vol. 327. no. 5966, pp. 665 -669DOI: -law decay of the spatial correlations is panied by log-normal distributions of the local density of states and multifractal spatial characteristics. How to study a quantum many-particle system?One needs to know the information of its ground state, which determines the fundamental (or intrinsic) properties of the needs also know the information of excited states, which determines the response behaviors of the system under an external probe (. electric field, ic field, radiation, pressure, doping, etc).Theoretically, two steps: (i) Solve a