文档介绍：本科毕业论文(设计)
外文翻译
原文:
The better way to measure environmental cost
Today, the importance of the environment is widely recognized panies. With an increase in environmental legislation, corporations realize that they have to factor the environment into their everyday management decisions. However, because some corporations are too focused on earnings and financial costs, the impact of their operations on the environment can only be taken into account if it is quantified in dollar terms this is significant since environmental costs are often grossly underestimated. According to a 2006 Statistics Canada study, Canadian firms are estimated to have spent a total of $ billion on environmental protection, including 44 per cent for capital expenditures and 56 per cent for operating expenditures. This underestimation is due to widespread hidden costs. In a study published in 2001, . researchers revealed that for every dollar of environmental costs identified as such panies, there were hidden environmental costs of $10. Companies can t manage what they can t measure; therefore, they need to measure their environmental costs in order to manage and reduce them; or perhaps, turn environmental management into a strategic advantage.
What to include in environmental costs
The first challenge is how to define environmental costs. One solution is to use a classification developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1995. This classification makes a distinction between internal costs and external costs. Internal costs include conventional costs, potentially hidden costs, potential costs and costs related to corporate image and relationships. Moreover, external costs refer to environmental degradation and to adverse impacts for human beings, their property and their welfare. There is a debate about whether or not external costs should be part of corporate cost management. However, more stringent regulations in terms of environmental liability are increasin