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讨价还价
Slide 4
2讨价还价
Bargaining
在博弈论产生之前，一对一的谈判一般被认为是困难
的或甚至是没有定论的一个问题。
Before the advent of game theory, one-on-one
bargaining was generally thought to be a
difficult and even indeterminate problem.
对于为什么一方比另一方多得，理论家不能找到一个
有条理的解释，只好把这一结果归因于含糊不清的“讨
价还价能力”的差别上。
Theorists were not able to achieve any
systematic understanding of why one party
gets more than another and attributed this
result to vague and inexplicable differences in
“bargaining power.”
Slide 5
讨价还价
Bargaining
即使是简单的纳什均衡理论也不能起作用。
Even the simple theory of Nash equilibrium
does not take us any farther.
假定2个人分1美元。要求每个人同时报出其想要的数量。
Suppose two people are to split $1. Each is asked to
announce what he want, simultaneously.
如果他们所报数量x和y加起来等于或小于1，每个人得到其所
报的量。否则一无所获。
If their announcements x and y add up to 1 or less,
each get what he announced. Otherwise neither get
anything.
那么任何一对(x,y)，只要加起来等于1，都构成了该博弈的
纳什均衡。
Then any pair (x, y) adding to 1 constitute a Nash
equilibrium in this game.
Slide 6
3讨价还价
Bargaining
一种分析途径是把讨价还价看成合作博
弈。这里，各方共同寻找和实施一个解
决方案，可能找一个中立的第三方来作
为执行的仲裁者。
One approach views bargaining as
a cooperative game, in which the
parties find and implement a
solution jointly, perhaps, using a
neutral third party as an arbitrator
for enforcement.
Slide 7
讨价还价
Bargaining
另一种分析途径将讨价还价作为一个非合作博
弈，这里，各方独立地选择策略。
The other approach views bargaining as
a noncooperat