文档介绍：276 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT, VOL. 44, NO. 3, AUGUST 1997
Factors for ess in R&D Projects and New
Product Innovation: A Contextual Framework
R. Balachandra, Member, IEEE, and John H. Friar
Abstract— There have been many attempts over the last 30 uncertainty about the market, the technology, the costs of
years to discover the critical factors that can indicate the ess production, and the process of development itself.
or failure of R&D projects and new product introductions. Many research studies have attempted to discover the crit-
Because of the large number of studies that currently exist, the
authors undertook an extensive review of the germane literature ical factors that can indicate the ess or failure of R&D
to find whether a general agreement exists about the factors projects and new product introductions. Some have looked at
leading to ess or failure in new product development and ess factors in new product introduction, some have looked
R&D projects. at factors causing failure, and still others have looked at both
The review shows first that even with a conservative approach
to listing significant factors, the list is very long. Second, compar- sets of factors. The studies show that there are a large number
ing the factors across studies demonstrates that different authors of factors influencing the ess of a new product or an R&D
have found that the magnitude of significance and the direction project (aimed at developing a new product). Some of them
of influence vary. Third, given the differences in context, the are controllable from within anization but others are
meaning of similar factors may also vary. external and uncontrollable.
The contradictory findings lead us to propose a contingency
framework for the new product and R&D project models. This All of these studies have several things mon: they
framework consists of a contingency cube with three contex- identify a number of factors, based on the literature or on