文档介绍：Research Policy 35 (2006) 463–480
work of innovators in Jena: An application
of work analysis
Uwe Cantner, Holger Graf∗
Friedrich-Schiller University, Economics Department, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Received 1 May 2004; accepted 1 January 2006
Available online 3 April 2006
Abstract
We apply work analysis methods to describe the evolution of the work of Jena, Germany in the period
from 1995 to 2001. We find this evolution to be directed towards an increasing focus on petencies of work. Further
we analyse work resulting from R&D cooperations and explain – by means work regression techniques – that the job
mobility of scientists and the technological overlap between the actors, rather than past cooperations, can best predict the resulting
structure.
© 2006 Elsevier . All rights reserved.
JEL classification: O31; L14; R11
Keywords: works; Network regression; R&D cooperation
1. Introduction petition on a level of high technological sophistication
especially in fragmented industries.
The sources of innovation are often found rather be- The conscious exchange of technological knowledge
tween firms, universities, research laboratories, suppli- between actors can anized in different types of
ers, and customers than inside them (Powell, 1990). arrangements. The normative basis for a a-
Firms engage in cooperation not only to share the costs nization is a contract between the parties which relies
and risks of research activities but also to obtain ac- on well defined property rights and actors -
cess to new markets and technologies and make use of municate via the price mechanism. Certainly, there are
complementary skills (Kogut, 1989; Hagedoorn, 1993; markets for technologies where licences for patents, etc.
Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven, 1996; Mowery et al., can be In functioning markets, the licensee pays
1998). In rapidly developing industries, peti- the price for using the technology developed by the li-
tion might b