文档介绍：P EST EL analysis on European airline industry P EST EL analysis is an updated version of“ ETPS ”,a mnemonic for the four sectors of his taxonomy of the environment: Economic, Technical, Political, and Social ( Aguilar , 1967 ).P EST EL analysis is an analysis of the external macro environment (big picture) in which a business operates. These are often factors which are beyond the control or influence ofa business . Airline industry isone of the most important transportation sectors for an area ’s progress which makes crucial contribution on an economic, political and social , cultural level (Button, 2008). In the following part, this essay will target the Europe airline industry analyzing the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects of the European airline industry. In the political aspect of European airline industry, EU has liberalized the aviation market of two decades . EU adopted the first d irective in1983 so as to liberali ze some inter-regional services. The second directive was adopted in1994. In the second directive made most of the European market opened up. From then on, airlines registered in the EU and controlled by EU nationals had the right of establishment throughout the EU and were free to fly within and between allm ember s tates ( Starkie , 2012) .For example the biggest low-cost pany Ryanair has the bases all over the Eur