文档介绍：LOGO Zone of Proximal Development Les Vygotsky 杨林燕漆雪彬李月 Contents Les Vygotsky ZPD Influence Origins ? The concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge-based tests as a means to gauge students' intelligence. Vygotsky argued that rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence, it is better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and their ability to solve problems with the assistance of an adult. Vygotsky ? Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development. ? 1934, he died of TB. Vygotsky ? Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions : external communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of one's inner thoughts. ? Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self- talk or "thinking out loud." Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Works ? Vygotsky L. 1962. Thought and language . MIT Press. ISBN 0-262- 72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN 978-0-262- 51771-3 ? Vygotsky L. 1962. Psychology of art . MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262- 22013-2 ? Vygotsky L. 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes . Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57629-2 Introduce the Z one of P roximal D evelopment ? Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adult's example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or assistance. Vygotsky's often-quoted definition of ZPD presents it as