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托福阅读机经：2022年2月25日托福阅读真题及解析
托福阅读机经：2022年2月25日托福阅读真题及解析
2022年 by asteroid and comet impacts. Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life (it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism); Earth is following the same fate as Mars, but at a slower rate.”
海底热泉说：The Deep Sea Vent Theory
The deep sea vent, or hydrothermal vent, theory for the origin of life on Earth posits that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents, where hydrogen-rich fluids emerge from below the sea floor and interface with carbon dioxide-rich ocean water. Sustained chemical energy in such systems is derived from redox reactions, in which electron donors, such as molecular hydrogen, react with electron acceptors, such as carbon dioxide (see iron-sulfur world theory).
扩展阅读: Iron-Sulfur World Theory
注：托福原文中提到了“硫化铁”对于生命形成的影响。看起来是“海底热泉说”中重要的一局部，因此在这里将这篇扩展阅读放在这里，供想进一步了解“热泉说”的同学了解背景。
“The theory proposes that early life may have formed on the surface of iron sulfide minerals, hence the name. It was developed by retrodiction from extant biochemistry in conjunction with chemical experiments.”
“The fundamental idea of the origin of life according to the iron-sulfur world theory can be simplified in the following brief characterization: Pressurize and heat a water flow with dissolved volcanic gases (. carbon monoxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) to 101 °C. Pass the flow over catalytic transition metal solids (. iron sulfide and nickel sulfide). Wait and locate the formation of catalytic metallo-peptides. Some crucial aspects of this theory have been confirmed experimentally.”
PASSAGE 2 蜜蜂大脑 Honeybee Brain
蜜蜂分工是由大脑中基因与激素确定的。
本文是2022年12月18日出此时此刻托福考试中，经过搜寻，发觉本文基于同年11月2日发布在“公共科学图书馆”〔PLoS〕中The Honey Bee Epigenomes: Differential Methylation of Brain DNA in Queens and Workers一文编纂而成。在这里将原文的摘录与结论局部放在这里，供各位参考。因学术成果，请转载时留意同时转载出处，敬重版权。
ABSTRACT
In