文档介绍：第六章 植物花粉花药培养
Rice androgenesis.
一、花粉及花药培养（Pollen Culture and Anther Culture）
离体条件下对植物的花粉或花药进行培养获得单倍体植株的技术。
that a uninucleated microspore may degenerate before division, (a) or may give rise, by mitosis, to normal binucleated grain presenting vegetative and generative nuclei (b). Identical nuclei are formed in low frequency (c). The first mitotic division occurs at the 4th day of culture. The normal binucleated pollen may follow the normal in situ developmental pattern forming starch and then, degenerate (d). The second mitotic division takes place at the 6-8th and at the 10th day of culture. In the androgenetic pollen, the vegetative, generative or both nuclei are able to divide giving rise to an embryo (e, f, g). In pollen with identical nuclei, both cells contribute to androgenesis (h). Pollen degeneration can occur in any step of this process. At the 14th day, multicellular structures can be seen (i).
Figure - Synthetic model for androgenesis. Stress operating at two "changing points" can modify the normal development of pollen grain, that became competent for embryogenesis. This potential would be dependent on sporophytic information kept in the cytoplasm, which normally are eliminated at meiosis and at the uninucleated vacuolate stage of pollen grain.
Figure - P-pollen with two identical nuclei.
Figure - Wheat p-pollen in vivo showing several nuclei similar to multicellular structures in vitro.
离体小孢子发育途径（雄核发育，Androgenesis）：
A途径：小孢子第一次不均等分裂。
根据第二次及以后的分裂不同又分为：
A-V：营养核分裂；
A-G：生殖核分裂；
A-VG：营养和生殖核均分裂；
C：分裂中出现融合加倍等现象等。
B途径：小孢子第一次均等分裂
形成大小相似的细胞，然后有单一类细胞组成多核花粉细胞。
（1）自然加倍：
自发形成二倍体，愈伤组织途径较多发生。
（2）人工加倍：
利用秋水仙素等
化学药剂处理单倍体
植株加倍。使用浓度
%-3%,%
应用较普遍。
此外，抗微管形成的除草剂也可以用于染色体加倍，如Oryzalin、trifluralin、APM等。
：
：
%，%，%
鉴定方法：
（1）染色体直接技术法：需对根尖或茎尖细胞染色体进行显微观察鉴定。
（2）间接鉴定法：植株形态鉴定、细胞形态鉴定、流式细胞仪鉴定、高低温胁迫鉴定、杂交鉴定、分子标记鉴定等。
（二）花粉培养：花粉培养是将花粉从花药中分离出来成为分散的或游离的状态，通过