文档介绍：思维导图-英文版
任务型教学就是以具体的任务为学****动力或动机，以完成任务的过程为学****的过程，以展示任务成果的方式（而不是以测试的分数）来体现教学的成就。
—陈 琳 王 蔷 程晓堂（2002：104-105）
eve an outcome.
Jane Willis(1996)
学****者为着某种交际目的而使用目的语并能获得某种结果的一种活动。
A task is an activity or action which is carried out as the result of processing or understanding language ( a response).
(Richards, Platt and Weber 1986:289)
任务：
人们在学****理解、体会语言之后所开展的活动。
What learners do when they understand:
drawing a map while listening to a tape
look at a set of pictures and
decide what should be done
completing a banking application
listening to a weather forecast and deciding what to wear
exchanging name cards
responding to a party invitation
describing a photograph of one’s family
We can define a “task” from the following aspects:
task is a goal directed.
task involves a primary focus on meaning.
participants choose the linguistic resources needed to complete the task.
task has a clearly defined outcome.
—Rod Ellis
1. Meaning is primary. （意义是首要的）。
is a communicative problem to be solved. （有某个交际问题需要解决。）
is some sort of relationship to comparable real-world activities.（任务具有在现实生活中有发生的可能性。）
completion has some priority.（完成任务是首要考虑。）
assessment of the task is in terms of outcomes. （根据任务的结果评估任务的执行情况。）
——Skehan（1998）
TASK
PURPOSE
CONTEXT
PROCESS
OUTCOME
MEANING
COMMUNICATIVE
AUTHENICITY
The components of a task：
目标 （Goals）
信息输入（ Input Data)
语言信息（ Verbal data）
非语言信息（Non-verbal data ）
活动 （Activities）
结果 （Outcome)
语言结果（ Verbal outcome）
非语言结果（Non-verbal outcome ）
Goal: Exchanging personal information
Input: Questionnaire on sleeping habits
Activity: 1) Reading questionnaire
2) Asking and answering
questions about sleeping habits
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