文档介绍：*
Optimal Pricing on Urban Transport Networks 　–　some recent developments
Jiang Qian Ying
Department of Regional Poliinks; 3,383 nodes
481 zones; 105,671OD pairs
Toll system: proportional to distance for IC of JH; fixed tolls for the RING of JH, and for NE
Time value: /car
persons per car
PCU Coefficients
bus=truck=2, small truck=1
Link travel time function
Railway Network
In Nagoya metropolitan area, there were the following railways: Nagoya Underground, Central Japan Railway, Nagoya Railroad, Kintetsu, Tarumi Railway, Aichi Loop Line, Jouhoku Line, Akechi, Toyotetsu, Sangi, Nagara Railway, Peach Line, Ise Railway, Guideway Bus,Gifu Street Car, and Toyotetsu Street Car.
Over ground railways cost function
Under ground railways cost function
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X : the total number of passengers
Y : the total passenger kilometers.
Pricing sets
Base case
Marginal cost pricing on railways
Marginal cost pricing on roads
Marginal cost pricing on both railways and roads
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Model parameters:
Results
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Base Case
MCP on Rail
MCP on Road
Full MCP
Rail Users
(million)

Local Rail Users
(million)

Rail Revenue
(million Yen)

Rail Cost
(million Yen)

Road Users
(million)

Local Road Users
(million)

Road Revenue
(million Yen)

Observations
Although the out-coming depends on model parameters, it can be observed that marginal cost pricing drives passengers from road to railways.
Congestion pricing has a large revenue for subsidizing transit.
It is desirable to use optimization techniques to set prices other than MCP.
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Toward advanced pricing theory and methods
Transport pricing theories that take into account important factors: externality outside transport, institutional and organizational issues . For instance,
Urban Land Use and Transport Pr