文档介绍：光学显微与电子成像1
Invented by Robert Hooke in1600s
Microscope
20th century microscopes
21th century microscopes
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M magnified in microscope?
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Basic Configuration: Inverted Microscope（倒置显微镜）
inverted microscope for fluorescence microscopy（倒置荧光显微镜）.
Inverted microscope:
light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down,
while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up.
inverted microscope for tissue culture（组织培养用倒置显微镜）.
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Basic Configuration: Upright Microscope（正置显微镜）
Upright microscope:
light source and condenser on the bottom, below the stage pointing up,
while the objectives and turret are above the stage pointing down.
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Principle of Koeher Illumination:
A given point in the specimen is illuminated by every point in the light source
A given point in the light source illuminates every point in the specimen.
Koeher(科勒) Illumination System 照明系统
Koehler illumination, invented in 1893 by August Koehler
How to achieve Koeher Illumination?
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Koeher(科勒) Illumination System
科勒照明的实现：把光源的发光体正好摆在聚光镜下方的前焦平面
Koeher照明光路
发光体上点光源变成一束平行光（光源上一点照明样品的每一点）
整个发光体变成无数束平行光（样品上一点由光源每一点照明）
样品上无灯丝像，无条纹
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Koeher(科勒) Illumination System
Field planes and Aperture planes
eyepieces
eyepiece
telescope
孔径光阑
视场光阑
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Diaphragm
光阑分为孔径光阑和视场光阑、渐晕光阑和杂消光光阑等
孔径光阑：用于确定辐射测量的面积的光阑
（改变成象光束的大小和控制进入光学系统的光通亮）
视场光阑：限制成像范围的光阑
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Field stop diaphragm (视场光阑)
Limit the area and the position of illumination on the specimen.
Limit the amount of light cast
Eliminate flares and ghosting, leading to sharper images. 
Can Not adjust the NA of the condenser lens and objective
Can Not affect the Resolution
Function of the field stop diaphragm in Microscope
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Aperture diaphragm (孔径光阑)
Limits the projection of the light source (filament), which enables adjustment of brightness of the field of view.
Adjust the angle of incidence.
Adjust the contrast resolution and focal depth.
Can Not affect the viewing field
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