文档介绍：several group number, then with b ± a, =c,c is is methyl b two vertical box between of accurate size. Per-2~3 measuremen那么是解决这一难题的最正确方法与商业信用相比，银行信用显然更加可靠，那么由银行担任“中间人〞这一角色所使用的工具就是信用证。但是，一些不法分子却利用信用证单单一致、单据一致的特点相互勾结诈骗，损害权利人和银行的权益，即构成信用证的欺诈。关于信用证欺诈〔Fraud in Letter of Cr edit〕的含义没有一个统一的定义。[1]
信用证欺诈的产生和银行的责任及信用证的独立性有关。由于银行只对单据外表真实性作形式上的审查，对单据的真实性、有效性不作实质性审查，即单单一致、单据一致的情况下银行有必须付款的义务，不管单据中货物的描述、价值及存在的情况，不管买卖合同的内容的变更与修改及至撤销，不管买卖双方的资信与履约情况等都必须付款的绝对义务。但是为了平衡双方权利，打击恶意欺诈行为，各国都引入了“信用证欺诈例外〞规定，即保证信用证交易独立性的前提下，规定了欺诈的例外情形，总的来说，就是银行一般情况下在符合单单一致、单据一致的要求下必须付款，只有当存在法律规定的信用证欺诈例外的几种情形下才可以拒付，但是此种拒付实行的决定权在于法院并非银行本身。法律尊重信用证独立原那么的特性，同时为了更好的平衡双方权利义务打击犯罪而规定了信用证欺诈例外的规定是十分合理的。
several group number, then with b ± a, =c,c is is methyl b two vertical box between of accurate size. Per-2~3 measurement, such as proceeds of c values are equal and equal to the design value, then the vertical installation accurate. For example a, b, and c valueswhile on horizontal vertical errors for measurement, General in iron angle code bit at measurement level points grid errors, specific method is from baseline to methyl vertical box center line distance for a,, to b vertical box distance for b, list can measured
several group number, then with b ± a, =c,c is is methyl b two vertical box between of accurate size. Per-2~3 measurement, such as proceeds of c values are equal and equal to the design value, then the vertical i