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从伊壁鸠鲁的愤怒到普罗米修斯的誓言
从伊壁鸠鲁的愤怒到普罗米修斯的誓言
———马克思《博士论文》的宗教批判背景分析
罗晓颖
(四川师范大学政治教育学院, 四川成都 610068)
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【摘要】在《博士论文》序言中, 马克思借普罗米修斯的形象提出以哲学反对宗教, 建
立人自我意识的自由。那么, 马克思为何选择伊壁鸠鲁作为研究对象? 这牵涉到西方思想史
上一个由来已久的对立: 肇始于前苏格拉底自然哲人的哲学与宗教的对立。此对立中经苏格
拉底事件后, 哲人的态度开始呈现两种路向: 柏拉图亚里士多德式的和伊壁鸠鲁式的。其后
西塞罗和普鲁塔克以及近代启蒙哲学对伊壁鸠鲁的批评或接续则体现了这两种路向的对立。
马克思接续了伊壁鸠鲁的立场, 摒弃了柏亚路向的遮遮掩掩, 以启蒙斗士的姿态力主反对宗
教的束缚, 为人类争取自由。
【关键词】马克思《博士论文》; 伊壁鸠鲁; 宗教批判; 哲学
Abstract: In the p reface of his dissertation, recurring to the image of Prometheus, Marx p ro
claim s that it is necessary for human’s self - consciousness to fight against religion through philoso
phy. Then, why did Marx choose Ep icurus as his object? The answer is related to an opposite which
is between philosophy and religion through the western thought history. This opposite firstly emerges
in the thought of Pre - Socrates philosophers, and after the case of Socrates Philosopher’s attitudes to
wards the opposite begin to divide two kinds: Plato - A ristotle’s line and Ep icurus’line. Cicero and
Plutarch accep t the first line, and Marx app roves of the second line which urges to liberate our sp irit
from the religion.
Key words: Marx’D issertation; Ep icurus; the Critique of Religion; Philosophy
中图分类号: B0 - 0 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1000 - 7660 (2007) 03 - 0011 - 07
到了普鲁塔克对伊壁鸠鲁的神学论战, 指出普鲁
一塔克在宗教法庭审判哲学的做法是如何错误, 然
后, 他引述休谟的话, 为哲学所遭受的侮