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DOI/s11595-022-2590-3
MicrostructureRefinementofAl-5Ti-BGrain
RefinerwithElectromagneticEnergy
YANChunlei,MAYonglin*,HEShuai,XINGShuqing,BAOXinyu
(SchoolofMaterialsandMetallurgy(SchoolofRareEarths),InnerMongoliaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Baotou014010,China)
Abstract:TheinfluenceoftheelectromagneticenergyonthemicrostructureofAl-5Ti-Bgrainreflner
,theelectromagneticenergywasappliedabovetheliquidphaselinetemperature.
ComparedwithAl-5Ti-Bwithoutelectromagneticenergyapplied,theexperimentalresultsshowthatthesizeof
,thesecondary
,when
addingAl-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergytothepurealuminummelt,itisclearthattheelectromagnetic
energyhasasigniflcantlyimpactonreflningpropertiesofAl-5Ti-
%
,the
electromagnetic energyreduces the sizeofatomicclusters and increases the number ofatomic clusters, thusthe
numberofnucleiincreases.
Keywords:rectanglepulsedelectromagneticfleld;Al-5Ti-B;electromagneticenergy;liquidphaseline
1Introductiontomodifythesizeanddistributionofsecondaryphase
particlesinAl-5Ti-[18]manufacturedanAl-
Finegrainsizecaneffectivelyreduceshrinkage5Ti-Bwithstablerefinementpropertiesusing equal
andsegregation,whichresultsinaluminumalloywithchannelangularpressing (ECAP).Researchershave
excellentproperties[1-5].Currently,addinggrainreflnersdevelopedmanygrainrefiningmethodsinrecent
tothemeltsisstilloneofthemostcommonlyadoptedyears[15,19-23],amongwhichthepulsedelectromagnetic
waystofinethegrainsize[6-11].Thegrainrefinerscanfleldisoneoftheresearchhotspotsofgrainreflnement
controlgrainsizeandmorphology,
topromoteheterogeneousnucleation[12].Therefore,metals,andpossessesseveraladvantagessuchascon-
thereisanimportantrelevancetoflndanewtechnol-venientoperation,meetingmetalscleanlinessrequire-
ogythatcansignificantlycontributetoimprovethements,andsavingenergy[24-28].
reflningabilityofgrainreflners[13-15].Wangetal[16]sug-However,themechanismofgrainreflnementwith
gestedthattheprincipalmannertoimprovethereflningthepulsedelectromagneticfieldisstilluncertainty.
abilityofgrainreflnerswastoimproveitsmicrostruc-Currently,thereareseveraltheoriesaboutthemecha-
,researchershaveemployedseveralwaysnismofreflnementofthepulsedelectromagneticfleld.
tomodifythemicrostructureofAl-5Ti-[17]Gaoetal29]pointedoutthatthepulsedelectromagnetic
adoptedthecavitationeffectgeneratedbyultrasonicfieldrefinedthesolidificationstructureduetocrys-
talcoreremovedfromthemoldwallwiththepulsed
[30]
©WuhanUniversityofTechnologyandSpringer-
Germany,PartofSpringerNature2022dendriticarmswerebrokeninresponsetothepulsed
(Received:,2021;Accepted:,2021)electromagneticfleld,andthebrokendendriticcrystals
闫春雷
YANChunlei():E-mail:******@,
*Correspondingauthor:MAYonglin(麻永林):Prof.;PhD;
E-mail:******@
FundedbytheInnerMongoliaNaturalScienceFoundationmechanismofthepulsedelectromagneticfieldhave
ofChina(),theInnerMongoliaNaturalSciencerarelyinvolvedtheeflectofelectromagneticenergyon
FoundationofChina(),andtheProjectofScience
()
JournalofWuhanUniversityofTechnology-
electromagneticenergyistransferredcontactlesstothepeakintensityoftherectanglepulsedelectromagnetic
atomicscaleofmatterintheformofelectromagneticfleldwas100A,frequency20Hz,anddutycycle20%,
energyunderthepulsedelectromagneticfleld[31,32].(b).Aftersolidificationbyaircool-
Todate,fewpapershaveadaptedthepulsedelec-ing,theingotswererolledfrom47mmthicknessto10
tromagneticfleldtoreflneAl-5Ti-[33]foundmmat500℃
thatthereflnementeflectofAl-Cualloywasnotobvi-was20mm,andthesecondpassreductionwas17mm.
ouswhenalowvoltagepulsedelectromagneticfieldAnX-raydiflractometer(D8ADVANCE)wasutilized
wasappliedtoAl-,and
thisstudy,arectanglepulsedelectromagneticfleldwasmicrostructureobservationofsamplesusingfleldemis-
imposedonAl-5Ti-Babovetheliquid-phaselinetem-sionscanningelectronmicroscope(GAIA3XMN).
onthemicrostructureofAl-5Ti-Batdiflerenttempera-performancewaspurealuminum,andthegrainreflne-
inductionheatingfurnacesat750℃andthenadding
2ExperimentalrolledAl-5Ti-℃
for5minandthenpouredmeltintoagraphitemold.
Al-5Ti-BalloyisagrainreflnerutilizedtocontrolAftersolidiflcation,theingotswereremovedfromthe
,andtheingotswereradiallycutand
wasmainlycontainingapulsepowercabinet,induc-observedbyopticalmicroscope.
tionheatingfurnace,electromagneticenergygenerator
(pulseinductioncoilandcore),andresistanceheater,3Resultsanddiscussion
graphitemold,(a).Theelectromag-
-5Ti-B
meltsurface,-
heatingandtheelectromagneticforceontheexperi-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergyatdiflerenttempera-
-5Ti-Balloywasheatedto800℃,tures,whichrevealsthemorphologyanddistributionof
andwasheldat800℃forabout5min,andthenthethesecondaryphaseparticles(TiB2)inAl-5Ti-
meltwaspouredintothegraphitemoldpreheatedtofoundthattheelectromagneticenergycausesachange
600℃.ThemeltinthegraphitecruciblesolidifledintointhemorphologyanddistributionoftheAl-Ti-
ingotsdirectlybyaircoolingwithoutelectromagneticabsenceofelectromagneticenergy,thesecondaryphase
,as
experiment,aK-(a).However,whenAl-5Ti-Bwastreat-
℃,the
temperatureinthegraphitecrucibledecreasedto660sizeofthesecondaryphaseparticlesdecreasesandthe
and700℃,respectively,arectangularpulsedelectro-numberincreases,(b).Whenthetem-
℃,the
(a)Theschematicdiagramofelectromagneticenergytreatmentequipment:(1)electromagneticenergygenerator,(2)paperless
temperaturerecorder(3)inductionheatingfurnace,(4)resistanceheater,(5)graphitemold,(6)K-typethermocouple,(7)melt;(b)
Schematicdiagramofrectangularcurrentforexperiment[31]
:MicrostructureReflnementofAl-5Ti-BGrainReflner...
-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergyatdiflerenttemperatures:(a)Withoutelectromagneticenergy;(b)
Withelectromagneticenergyat660℃;(c)Withelectromagneticenergyat700℃
sizeofsecondaryphaseparticlesisdistinctlylessthanmorphologyareblocky,whichisdistributedintheα-Al
thatofAl-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergyat660℃,-
whilethesecondaryphaseparticlesaremoreuniformly5Ti-
(c).energy,
-5Ti-Bthesizerangeisfrom3to21μm,andthesizedistri-
butionofTiAl3particlesinAl-5Ti-
sametime,theTiAl3particlesareobviouslyagglomer-
atedtogether((a)).Withelectromagneticenergy
at660℃,ThemeansizeofTiAl3particlesisreduced
,and
itsdistributionismoreuniformintheα-Almatrix(in
(b)).Withelectromagneticenergyat700℃,the
,andTiAl3par-
ticlesrangefrom1-21μmandtheTiAl3particleshave
-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergy
arelativelyuniformsizedistribution,whileTiAl3parti-
atdifferenttemperatures:(a)Withoutelectromagneticclesareevenlyspreadintheα-Almatrix((c)).
energy;(b)Withelectromagneticenergyat660℃;(c)With
electromagneticenergyat700℃Obviously,theTiB2particlesinAl-5Ti-Bvaryconsid-
erablyinsizeandsticktoeachotherwithoutelectro-
-5Ti-Bwithmagneticenergy((d)).Whentheelectromag-
℃,thedistributionstate
phasecompositionofAl-5Ti-,the
α-Al,TiAl3,
ofrolledAl-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergyatdif-comparedwithAl-5Ti-Bwithoutelectromagneticen-
ferenttemperatureswithitssecondaryphaseparticlesergy((e)).Whentheelectromagneticenergy
-5Ti-Bwithelectromagneticenergyatdiflerenttemperatures:(a)and(d)Withoutelectromagneticenergy;
(b)and(e)Withelectromagneticenergyat660℃;(c)and(f)Withelectromagneticenergyat700℃
JournalofWuhanUniversityofTechnology-
wasappliedat700℃,thesizeofTiB2particlereduces℃,theinitiationsolidiflcationtemperatureincreasesto
andTiB2particleareuniformlydistributedintheα-℃
matrix((f)).electromagneticenergyisutilizedtothemelt,theatom-
[34]foundthatthe
electromagneticenergyaflectedthenucleationofmetal
case,withtheentryoftheelectromagneticenergyinto
themeltleadstoanincreaseinthenucleationinitiation
temperature,alongwithalongersolidiflcationtime
-5Ti-B:(a)Without
electromagneticenergy;(b)Withelectromagneticenergyat
660℃;(c)Withelectromagneticenergyat700℃
Inshort,thesizeofsecondaryphaseparticles
decreasesandtheTiAl3particleshavearelativelyuni-
timewithoutandwithelectromagneticenergyatdiflerent
formsizedistribution,whilethesecondaryphasepar-
temperatures:(a)Withoutelectromagneticenergy;(b)With
ticlesareequallyspreadintheα-Almatrixinresponseelectromagneticenergyat660℃;(c)Withelectromagnetic
℃
-5Ti-B
-
5Ti-B
-
5Ti-B:(a)Withoutelectromagneticenergy;(b)With
electromagneticenergyat660℃;(c)Withelectromagnetic
energyat700℃
-5Ti-B
withelectromagneticenergyatdiflerenttemperatures:(a)
Withoutelectromagneticenergy;(b),thesolidifiedstructureofpurealu-
energyat660℃;(c)Withelectromagneticenergyat700℃minumrefinedbydifferentAl-5Ti-
oftheelectromagneticenergyhasaremarkableimpact
-
centralzoneofAl-5Ti-,
solidiflcationtemperatureincreases,andthesolidiflca-,,-
tiontimeareextendedduetotheelectromagneticener-
-
andsolidificationtime,