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攻读硕士学位研究生作业
(2012至2013学年度第2学期)
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入学年月2011年9月
简短评语
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ATestPaperforPsycholinguistics
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:itmusthaveevolvedfromearlierpre--humansandmustthereforehaveappearedfairlysuddenlyduringthecourseofhumanevolution.
,,noisesandsignssoundorlookdifferent,,liketheonesusedbyapestoday.
Thehugegulfbetweenthesecallsand'real',(innateuniversalgrammar),000yearsago,triggeringthe“instantaneous”emergenceofthelanguagefacultyin“perfect”or“near-perfect”form.
,andsomediscontinuouswithapeorotheranimals',maybe,ausefulfirststepistoattempttodefine'language'.Someresearchersdefinelanguagebyitemizingoutthevarious'designfeatures',,-,noanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.
'sthedifferencebetweenfullreportandpartialreporttechniquesinthestudiesofhumasensorystore?
Inthecourseofprocessingvisualinformation,thevisualsystemmaintainsthesensationforabriefamountoftime,about250milliseconds,,akindofsensorymemory\store,iscallediconicmemory\\store,thesubjectswerepresentedanarrayoflettersanddigits,,calledthefullreportprocedure,,andsowererememberingabout40%ofthe12-symbolarray.
Inanothercondition,calledthepartialreportprocedure,,amiddletonemeantreportthemiddlerow,(about90%ofthesymbolsonaverage).Becausesubjectscouldnotknowinadvancewhichrowtheywouldbeaskedtoreport,theinferenceisthatsubjectshadsometransientmemory\storeofatleast90%,thenthepercentageofsymbolsfromthearraythatsubjectswereabletoreportdeclinedfromaround90%toaround40%.Mostestimatesarethatfullandpartialreportperformancebecomesequivalentafterabouta250milliseconddelay.
Theexplanationwasthatthevisualsensationpersistsintheformofahigh-capacityiconicmemory\,,,,then,theiconcontainsessentiallyallofthevisualinformationinthevisual
sensation.
Explainbrieflythefollowingfourtechniquesusedinpsycholinguisticstudies:subsidiarytaskmethod,phoneme-monitoring,click-monitoringandshadowing.
Themostwidelyadoptedapproachinpsycholinguisticresearchistogatherevidenceexperimentally.
Awiderangeofexperimentalmethodshasbeendevised,manyspecifictopsycholinguistics.
,(RT),,forexample,,thephonemedetectionprocessissloweddown,therebygivingameasureofthecomplexityofthehigherlevelprocesses.
Anothergroupofmethodsinvolvedetectiontasksinwhichsubjectshavetodeterminewhetherafeatureispresentand/-,thesubjectshearsentenceswithaclickinthem,,,itisproposedthatduringsentenceperception,-lineversionoftheclick-monitoringtaskthatrequiressubjectstopressakeyasfastaspossibleassoonastheyhearaclick,--lineclick-monitoringtaskalsoisoneofreactiontimetasks.
,subjectslistentoacassetterecording,,(responsedelay)ofaslittleas200to250milliseconds,(whilethesignalisbeingreceived),subjectsspontaneouslycorrecterrorsofgrammarorpronunciationinwhattheyhear,(closeshadowing)latencieshavesometimesbeenreported,buttheseshouldbetreatedwithsomecaution,asfindingsareoftenbasedonshadowingrelativelyslowread-aloudspeechratherthannaturalspeech.
Thereisalsoamethodcalledsubsidiarytaskmetwhohdichbelongstothegroupofdual--taskmethodsisthattheinformationaldemandsofthetwotaskscompetefortheresourcesofalimited-capacityinformationprocessingsystem,,,-recallingmemorytasksimultaneously,andthenmeasuretheamountofinterferencebetweenthetwotasks.
Discussthedifferencesbetweenhumanfunctioningandcomputerfunctioning.
Thehumanbrainweighsthreepounds,'',theirfunctioningisalsoquitedifferent.
Thehumanbrainuseschemicalstotransmitinformation;,;thecomputerneedselectricitytokeepworking.
,,neuronsaremorethanjustonoroffbecausethe“excitability”,“off”forthebrain-evenwhenapersonissleeping,“off”,signalsarenottransmitted.
,,,,thebraincontrolsbreathing,,thehumanbrainisbetteratinterpretingtheoutsideworldandcomingupwithnewideas.
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,ineffect,,thetaskisanextraordinarilycomplexonefortwomajorreasons.
First,,,suchasaconversationacrosstheroomorsomeone'ssneezingorburping,,,whenvisualandauditoryinformationareincongruous,theresultingperceptionisunpredictableandoftenwrong.
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