文档介绍：卢梭《社会契约论》
行管11-2班
于明宝
1**********
We must always distinguish(区分,区别) general laws from particular causes which can modify(修改) their effect . 我们要总是把一般规律和可能改变一般规律之结果的个别原因加以区分。
If all the south were covered with republics and all the North with despotic(专横的,专制统治) states, it would still be ture that, in terms of climate, despotism suits hot countries, barbarism(野蛮) cold countries, and that a good polity suits temperate(温和的) regions.
即使整个南方建立的都是共和国,整个北方建立的都是专制国家,下面的论断仍不失为真理,即在气候的影响下,专制适合于炎热的国家,野蛮适合于寒冷的国家,良好的礼制适合于中间的地区。
I realize that this general rule may be admitted and its application(应用;运用) disputed; it could be argued that there are very fertile cold countried and very barren(贫瘠的) southern ones. 我还看到,人们虽然同意这一原则,但对于它的应用可能会有所争议。有人可能会说,有的国家虽然寒冷但是非常肥沃,有的南方国家却非常贫瘠。
But this is a difficulty only for those who fail to see the thing in all its ramifications. One must, as I have already sald, consider the factors of production, strength, consumption (消耗)and so on. 可是这一问题只是对于那些不从事物的所有比例来分析问题的人才成其为难题,正如我已经说过的,必须计算劳动、力量、消耗等因素之间的比例。
我们要总是把一般规律和可能改变一般规律之结果的个别原因加以区分。即使整个南方建立的都是共和国,整个北方建立的都是专制国家,下面的论断仍不失为真理,即在气候的影响下,专制适合于炎热的国家,野蛮适合于寒冷的国家,良好的礼制适合于中间的地区。我还看到,人们虽然同意这一原则,但对于它的应用可能会有所争议。有人可能会说,有的国家虽然寒冷但是非常肥沃,有的南方国家却非常贫瘠。可是这一问题只是对于那些不从事物的所有比例来分析问题的人才成其为难题,正如我已经说过的,必须计算劳动、力量、消耗等因素之间的比例。
Suppose there are two equal territories, one yielding five units, the other ten. 假如有两块大小相等的土地,一块的产量是五,另一块的产量为十。
If the inhabitants(居民,居住者) of the former consume(消
耗) four and those of the latter nine, the surplus(剩余,盈利)
of the one will be one—fifth and of the other one—tenth.
如果第一块土地的居民的消耗量为四,第二块土地的居民的消耗量为九,那么第一块土地产出的剩余就是五分之一,第二块就是十分之一。
The ratio(比率,比例) of these two surpluses will then be
the inverse of that of their products, so that the territory
yielding five units will show a surplus double that of the
territory(领土,领域;范围;地域;版图) yielding ten.
两个剩余之比就是两个产量之比的倒数,产量只为五的土地在剩余上确
实产量为十的土地的两倍。
假如有两块大小相等的土地,一块的产量是五,另一块的产量为十。如果 第一块土地的居民的消耗量为四,第二块土地的居民的消耗量为九,那么 第一块土地产出的剩余就是五分之一,第二块就是十