语言学重点概念.doc

文档介绍：该【语言学重点概念 】是由【春天资料屋】上传分享，文档一共【32】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【语言学重点概念 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。ChapteroneIntroduction
一、定义

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
语言是人类用来社交的随意性的有声符号系统。

Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
语言辨别特色是指人类语言差别与其余任何动物的社交系统的限制性特色。
Arbitrariness随意性
Productivity多产性
Duality两重性
Displacement移位性
Culturaltransmission文化传达
arbitrariness
Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

Productivity
Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.
Duality
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.
Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
Culturaltransmission
Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,.



’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言社交中的表现。

,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
二、知识点
,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.
语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在必定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
:
⑴:Langue和parole的差别

in1950针对Saussure
’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance
⑶以前对语言看法下过定义的语言学家
Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsand
desiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.
Hall----languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherby
meansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.
Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthand
constructedoutofafinitesetofelements.
⑷
美国语言学家
CharlesHockett
提出了语言的辨别特色
designfeatures

’language’precededby-articlethez
ro,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticular
language.
Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不仅研究一种特定的语言。
,whatthelinguistshastodofirstif
tostudylanguagefacts.
,soit'shardlypossibleforthe
linguisticstodealwithitallatonce.
判断题

的是语言的发音。
三、问答题

Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it
’sconcernedwithallthe
soundsthatoccurintheworld
’slanguages.
Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguage
andthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.
Morphology---It’sabranchoframmarg
whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherules
bywhichwordsareformed.
Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.
Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.
Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.
Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.
Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.
Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.
Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthe
arbitrarynatureoflanguage,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.
Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arosebyanyothernamewoassweet’.

(神经语言学)语言学)
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,,其研究以的确靠谱的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。
’high’writtenlanguage.
传统语法是规定性的,研究‘高级’书面语。

Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.
现代语言学主假如共时性的,要点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各样状态都进行成功的研究,不然很难从历时性角度对语言进行描绘。
,speechorwritings
Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:
Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.
⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.
speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.
’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’
TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,from
situationtosituation.
1/Whatislinguistics
什么是语言学?
,butlanguagesingeneral.
2/Thescopeoflinguistics
语言学的研究范围
Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(一般语言学)
Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.(语音学)
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.(音系学)Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.(形态学)
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax(句法学)
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.(语义学)
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.(语用学)
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.(社会语言学)
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.

(心理语言
学)
Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.
(应用语言学)Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistic
principlesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.
Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,(人类语言学)neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,(数字语言学)andcomputationallinguistics.(计算机
3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
语言学研究中的几对基本看法
Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描绘
Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
,
whetheritis“correct”ornot.
Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.
Speechandwriting口头语与书面语
,:;;,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.
Langueandparole语言和语言
,,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.
Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用
’s.
Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance
.
ChapterTwoPhonology
一、定义

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.

Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

,it’saspeechsoundweu
whenspeakingalanguage.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursin
thesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.
themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.

Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.
在人类社交中有着必定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。

Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.
theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]
二、知识点
,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.
ofthetwomediaoflanguage,
⑴Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学longestestablished,mostlydeveloped
⑵Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学
⑶Acousticphonetics声学语音学

Pharyngealcavity–咽腔
Oral...–口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasal–鼻腔
,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.
[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].
:[m]/[n]/[η]
APhoneisaphoneticunitorseg