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上海市公共卫生临床中心
Healthanddisease
健康:有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)的稳定(homeostasis,自我平衡),主观表现舒适(ease),能轻松正常从事工作、学****和生活
疾病:有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)“显著”失稳定(disequilibriumofhomeostasis),主观表现“显著”不适(dis-ease),并对工作、学****和生活造成“显著”影响
亚健康/潜疾病:有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)的“非显著”失稳定,主观表现“非显著”不适(dis-ease),对工作、学****和生活无“显著”影响
Aitiaandadaptation
病因:诱发有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)“失稳定”的各种因素,使有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)由“稳定”走向“失稳定”
适应:针对有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)“失稳定”的有限调整,使有序的机体内环境(全部或局部)由“失稳定”走向“稳定”
健康与疾病同属模糊概念:没有绝对的健康,也没有绝对的疾病
衰老属于有序过程:衰老本身不是疾病,但衰老可导致疾病
Biologicalclassification
Linnaeus 1735
2kingdoms
Haeckel 1866 3kingdoms
Chatton 1925 2empires
Copeland 1938 4kingdoms
Whittaker 1969 5kingdoms
Woeseetal. 1977 6kingdoms
Woeseetal. 1990 3domains
Cavalier-Smith 2004
6kingdoms
(nottreated)
Protista
Prokaryota
Monera
Monera
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota
Protoctista
Protista
Protista
Eukarya
Protozoa
Chromista
Vegetabilia
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Protoctista
Fungi
Fungi
Fungi
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Microbeandmacrobe
Virus
Quasi-organism
Viroid
Sub-virus
Virusoid
Microbe
Virino
Prokaryote
Uni-cellorganism
Archaeon
Bio
Micro-organism
Eukaryote
Multi-cellorganism:
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Uni-cellorganism
Archaeon
Macrobe
Eukaryote
Multi-cellorganism:
Eukaryote
Thiomargaritanamibiensis ***珍珠硫细菌 (,1998)
Theworld’sknownthelargestbacterium
100–300µmwide,sometimesupto750µm
Componentsoftheimmunesystem
Innateimmunesystem
Adaptiveimmunesystem
Responseisnon-specific
Pathogenandantigenspecific
Exposureleadstoimmediatemaximalresponse
Lagtimebetweenexposureandmaximalresponse
Cell-mediatedandhumoralcomponents
Cell-mediatedandhumoralcomponents
Noimmunologicalmemory
Exposureleadstoimmunologicalmemory
Foundinnearlyallformsoflife
Foundonlyinjawedvertebrates
Syntheticeffectofinnateandadaptiveimmunefactors
免疫因子∈vector(矢量):不存在促进型或抑制型免疫因子,
但免疫因子的综合效应可能促进或抑制病原体的清除
Majorimmunemechanism
Theinnateimmunesystemisthoughttoconstituteanevolutionarilyolderdefensestrategy
Theinnateimmunesystemisthedominantimmunesystemfoundinplants,fungi,insects,andinprimitivemulticellularorganisms
PartⅠ:Naturalproperty
Symbiosisandparasitism
Colonizationandinfection
Parasiticdiseasesandinfectiousdiseases
共生与寄生
定植与感染
寄生病与感染病