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Articletype:SpecialIssueManuscript
Article
ChartingSelf-EsteemDuringMaritalDissolution
WiebkeBleidorn1,TedSchwaba1,,
1DepartmentofPsychology,UCDavis
2DepartmentofDevelopmentalPsychology,TilburgUniversity
Thisarticlehasbeenacceptedforpublicationandundergonefullpeerreviewbuthasnotbeenthroughthe
copyediting,typesetting,paginationandproofreadingprocess,whichmayleadtodifferencesbetweenthisAccepted
:
:.
CorrespondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldbeaddressedtoWiebkeBleidorn,Departmentof
Psychology,UniversityofCaliforniaDavis,OneShieldsAvenue,Davis,CA95616,-
mail:******@
Runninghead:SELF-ESTEEMANDMARITALDISSOLUTION
Article
Accepted
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Abstract
Objective:Thepurposeofthisstudywastochartchangesinself-esteembeforeandaftermarital
dissolutiontoidentifythefactorsthatshapeindividuals’self-esteemduringthislifetransition.
Method:Weanalyzed10annualwavesofself-esteemdatafrom291divorceesfromanationally
representativepanelstudyoftheNetherlands(N~13,000).Wechartedthecourseofself-esteem
beforeandaftermaritaldissolutionandtestedabroadsetofmoderatorvariablesthatmayshape
individuals’self-esteemtrajectories.
Results:Theaveragedivorceeexperiencedsignificantdecreasesinself-esteemprecedingmarital
-
esteemtrajectories,
hardship,wereaffiliatedwithachurchorreligion,orscoredlowinconscientiousnessshowedthe
mostpronounceddecreasesinself-
Conclusion:Thisstudyhighlightstheimportanceofassessingpeoplemultipletimesbeforeandafter
consistentwithperspectivesthatviewdivorceasanopportunitytoabatethestrainsofanunhappy
marriage.
Accepted
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Thedissolutionofamarriageisassociatedwithvariouspsychological,social,andeconomic
consequences,manyofwhichareconsideredaversive,stressful,andpotentiallyeventraumatic
(Amato&Booth,1991;Lucas,Clark,Georgellis,&Diener,2003).Indeed,mostdivorceesreport
loweredself-esteemandlife-satisfaction,andincreaseddepressionandloneliness(Amato,2000).
Yet,,someofthechanges
associatedwithmaritaldissolutionmaybeviewedasopportunitiestoovercometheongoingstrains
ofanunhappymarriageandexperiencegrowth(Hawkins&Booth,2005).Thedegreetowhich
individualsexperiencegrowthfollowingmaritaldissolutionmaythusdependontheparticular
contextandthepresenceofavarietyofriskandprotectivefactors(Lucasetal.,2003;Luciano&
Orth,2017).
Longitudinalresearchsupportsthenotionthatindividualsvaryintheirpsychological
reactionstomaritaldissolution(.,Denissen,Luhmann,Chung,&Bleidorn,2019;Lucas,2005).
Article
However,littleisknownaboutthefactorsthatshapeindividuals’self-esteemduringtheyears
,wefocusontheimplicationsof
maritaldissolutionforself-,we(1)charttheaverageself-esteemtrajectory
beforeandaftermaritaldissolution,(2)examineindividualdifferencesindivorcees’self-esteem
trajectories,and(3)exploreasetofmoderatorvariablesthatmayshapeindividuals’self-esteem
duringthislifetransition.
Self-EsteemDuringMaritalDissolution
Self-esteemreferstoindividuals’subjectiveevaluationoftheirworthasapersonand
involvesfeelingsofmastery,self-acceptance,andself-respect(Orth&Robins,2014).Highlevelsof
self-esteemhavebeenassociatedwithsuccessinvariouslifedomains,includingphysicalandmental
health,educationalandoccupationalattainment,andinterpersonalsuccess(Orth,Robins,&
Widaman,2012).
Therecognizedimportanceofself-esteemforindividualsandsocietyhassparkedresearch
ontheexperiencesthatmayshapeandchangeself-esteemthroughoutthelifespan(.,Bleidornet
al.,2016a;Bleidornetal.,2016b;Luciano&Orth,2017;Orth&Robins,2014;Orth,Trzesniewski,&
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Robins,2010).Severaltheorieshaveemphasizedtheimportanceofinterpersonalexperiencesfor
thedevelopmentofself-esteem(.,Baumeister,1998;Sullivan,1953).Self-esteemhassometimes
beendescribedasasociometer,referringtoaninternalmeasurethatprovidesfeedbackregarding
one’sdegreeofsocialinclusion(Baumeister&Leary,1995).Consistentwiththis,youngadultswho
startaromanticrelationship,forexample,havebeenfoundtoincreaseinself-esteem,perhaps
becausetheyperceivethemselvesasworthyintheirroleasrelationshippartner(Lehnart,Neyer,&
Eccles,2009).
Mostexistingresearchonlifeexperiencesandself-esteemhasfocusedonnormativelife
transitions,suchasthetransitiontomarriage,parenthood,college,orretirement(.,Chungetal;
2014;vanScheppingen,Denissen,Chung,Tambs,&Bleidorn,2018;Bleidorn&Schwaba,2018;
Luciano&Orth,2017).Thisbodyofworksuggeststhatpeopledifferintheirindividualself-esteem
,inalongitudinalstudyofover84,000mothers,
Article
vanScheppingenandcolleaguesfoundthatthetransitiontoparenthoodwasassociatedwithan
averagedecreaseinself-,theself-esteem
ofsomemothersdecreased,theself-esteemofothersincreased,andsomemothers’self-esteem
-esteemtrajectories
werecorrelatedwithmothers’,thosewhoreported
higherrelationshipsatisfactionwiththeirromanticpartnerwerelessnegativelyimpactedbythe
stressorsassociatedwithhavinganewborn.
Incontrasttothegrowingliteratureonself-esteemduringnormativelifeevents,fewstudies
haveexaminedself-esteemtrajectoriesduringnon-normativeandpotentiallyaversivelife
researchisthatnon-,
LucianoandOrth(2017)useddatafromover9,000youngGermanadultstoexaminethe
associationsbetweenself-
sample,thereweretoofewparticipantswhoexperienceddivorceduringthe3-yearstudyperiodto
,theauthorsfocusedon
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romanticrelationshipbreak-,
theyfoundthatmostparticipantswhobrokeupwiththeirpartnersdecreasedinself-esteem.
However,thisstudyalsofoundsignificantindividualdifferencesinparticipants’self-esteem
reactionstoromanticbreak-,participantswhoendedarelationshipthathadlasted
foratleastoneyearreportedmorepronounceddeclinesinself-esteemcomparedtothosewho
endedashorterrelationship.
Focusingontheconsequencesofunhappymarriages,HawkinsandBooth(2005)compared
theself-esteemofindividuals(N=1,150)whoreportedthattheyhadbeenunhappilymarried,
continuouslyhappilymarried,ordivorcedduringa12-
anddivorcedindividualsreportedsignificantlyhigherself-esteemattheendofthestudyperiodthan
-esteem,divorce
wasinterpretedasanopportunitytoincreasethewell-beingandself-esteemofunhappilymarried
Article
,thisstudyfoundsignificantindividualdifferencesinthiseffect–bothinmagnitude
anddirection–suggestingthatpeopledifferinthewaysinwhichtheyperceive,reactto,andcope
withanunsatisfyingmarriage.
Theaforementionedresearchconvergesonatleastthreeconclusionsregardingtheimpact
ofmaritaldissolutiononself-,anindividual’sself-esteemappearstobemalleable,
especiallyinresponsetolifeeventsthatinvolveinterpersonalexperiencessuchasparenthoodor
,althoughthereissomeevidencefordecreasesinself-esteemduringromantic
break-ups,,thedissolutionofan
unhappymarriagecanbeassociatedwithimprovedself-,thesefindingsraise
importantquestionsaboutthespecificfactorsthataffectchangesinself-esteemfollowingthe
:timeand
context(&Schwaba,2018).Wenextturntotheseconsiderations.
Time:MaritalDissolutionasaProcess
Maritaldissolutioncanbethoughtofasaprocessthatbeginswhilethecouplelivestogether
andendswellafterthedivorceisconcluded(Amato,2000).Thisprocesstypicallysetsintomotion
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numerouschallenges,stressors,andopportunities,someofwhichmayoccurlongbeforethemarital
,estrangedor
distressedcouplesoftenspendconsiderabletimeattemptingtorepairtheirrelationshiporavoiding
,legaldivorcedoesnotalwaysmarkanendtothestressors
andnegativeimplicationsassociatedwithmaritaldissolutionbutoftenpresentsnewchallenges
suchasfinancialchanges,custodyissues,changesinsocialnetworks,,theremay
bedifferentpsychologicalimplicationsforthedivorcingindividualbeforeandafterthelegal
conclusionofadivorce(&Amato,1991).
Moreover,differentfactorsmayimpactindividuals’self-esteembeforeandaftermarital
,socialsupportfromfamilyandfriendsmaybeanespeciallyimportant
resourceforindividual’swell-beingandself-esteemimmediatelyaftermaritalseparationbutmay
becomelessrelevantaspeopleadjusttotheirnewsituationorcommittoanewromantic
Article
relationship(Amato,2000).Therecognitionthatdifferentfactorsmayshapeself-esteemduring
,a
comprehensiveunderstandingofthepsychologicalimplicationsofdivorcerequiresmultiple
assessmentsduringtheyearsleadinguptoandfollowinglegaldivorce(Amato,2010).
Tofurtherstrengthentheconclusionsthatcanbedrawnfromlongitudinaldata,researchers
needtodistinguishbetweentime-invariantandtime-variantmoderatorvariablesthatmayshape
self-esteemtrajectoriesduringdivorce(Bleidorn&Schwaba,2018).Time-invariantmoderators,such
asgenderorreligiousaffiliation(seebelow),arestablevariablesthathaveanenduringinfluenceon
individuals’self--variantmoderators,suchas
incomeorpersonalitytraits,canchangedynamically,andthesechangesmustbeconsideredwhen
modelingassociationswithchangesinself-
andaftermaritaldissolutionarenecessarytocapturethedynamicnatureofthesemoderators.
Insummary,researchersmustcapturetheprocessofmaritaldissolutionandassessself-
esteemandpotentialmoderatorvariablesmultipletimestorigorouslystudythetrajectoryofself-
,weaddressthisissueforthefirsttime
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tochartboththeaverageself-esteemtrajectoryandindividualdifferencesinself-esteemchange,
bothbeforeandaftermaritaldissolution.
Context:ModeratorsofSelf-EsteemChangeDuringMaritalDissolution
Tounderstandthewaysinwhichmaritaldissolutionisassociatedwithchangesinself-
esteem,
protectivefactorsmayshape