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materials
Article
EffectivenessofCuringCompoundsforConcrete
FilipChyli´nski*,AgnieszkaMichalikandMateuszKozicki
InstytutTechnikiBudowlanej,00-611Warsaw,Poland;a.******@(.);m.******@(.)
*Correspondence:f.******@
Abstract:Curingcompoundsarewidelyusedmaterialsthatareusedinplaceofothermethodsof
identiflcationtestsshowedthatalltestedproductsmightbedividedintotwomaingroups,depending
examined,andthetensilestrengthofthecuredsampleswastestedusingthepull-
drymasscontentofthetestedproductswasexaminedtocheckforacorrelationbetweentheir
differencesinmicrostructurewerefoundbetweencuredsampleswithdifferentcuringcompounds,
andalsowithuncuredsamples.
Keywords:concrete;concretecare;curingcompound;curingefflciencyindex;waterretention
Thedurabilityofconcretedeflnesitsabilitytostandagainstanaggressiveenvironment
withwhichithascontact[1,2].Thisisevenmoreimportantinsustainabledevelopment,
whereanextendedservicelifeisfavourable[3].Curingisoneofthemostimportanttasks
Citation:Chyli´nski,F.;Michalik,A.;
Kozicki,(ACI)recommendthat
theconcreteinitsearlylife,afterplacing,compactingandsurfaceflnishing,shallbecured
2022,15,:///
tominimiseplasticshrinkage,ensureadequatesurfacestrength,andensureadequate
surfacezonedurability[4–8].Itshouldalsobeprotectedfromharmfulweatherconditions,
AcademicEditor:,harmfulvibration,impact,ordamage[9].Currently,insufflcientcuringisstill
Received:
Accepted:4April2022concreteisthesubjectofmanypublications[10–14].Eventhebest-designedconcrete
Published:6April2022containingtheappropriatecomponentswillnotachieveitspropertieswithoutproper
placingoftheconcretemix(includingcompaction)
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneutralcuringmethodsshouldachievelowevaporationratesfromtheconcrete’ssurfaceorkeepthe
,naturalcuringmightbesufficient,.,whenthe
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffll-weatherismisty,andtheairhumidityishighenoughtoprotectitfromexcessivewater
iations.
itastreatmentsundertakenfromthemomentofplacingandcompactingtheconcrete
mix,aimedatensuringthepropercourseofcementhydrationprocessesand,asaresult,
Copyright:©[4,12].In
LicenseeMDPI,Basel,,thekeyisboththeproperselectionofthe
Thisarticleisanopenaccessarticlecuringmethodanditsduration[4,5,7].Alackofmaintenanceorimproperimplementation
distributedunderthetermsandisoftenthecauseofdamageand/ordefectstothestructure,whicharethenthesubjectofa
Attribution(CCBY)license(https://moisturecare:
,
/).
Materials2022,15,:///ma15072699:.
Materials2022,15,26992of15
achievedbycontinuouslysprinklingorpouringwaterontheconcrete,orbylayingasoaked
,.,when
caringforverticalsurfacesorunevenareas,,
maintainingthewatersaturationofverylargeconcretesurfaces,suchasfloorsorroad
surfaces,
ofwaterfromtheconcrete’ssurfacewithoutaddingexcessivewaterfromtheoutsidemight
becarriedbyusingsheetsandrollsofmaterials(.,plasticfllm,paperreinforcedwith
abituminousbinder)orbyusingliquidfllm-formingpreparations,whicharethemost
populartechniquesofconcretecare,
ofsprayingacuringcompoundthatformsacoatingwhichprotectstheconcreteagainst
,themostcommonlyusedactivesubstancesarewax
andparafflnemulsionsandsyntheticresinsolutions[11,15].Parafflnandwaxemulsions
aredifflculttoremoveaftertheflnishedcuringprocess,leavingaslipperysurface,which
aremostoftenwaterdispersionsofawhitecolour,whichenablesanevenapplication
ofthepreparationonthesurfaceandthusobtainsahomogeneous,
.
Thepreparationshouldbeappliedimmediatelyafterconflrmingtheabsenceofwateron
theconcretesurface,butbeforeitiscompletelydry;thatis,whenthesurfacebecomes
matte[16–18].
popularinregionswheretheclimateischaracterisedbyhighvariabilityofweatherconditions,
temperature,airhumidityandwindintensityinashortperiodoftime,whichmightdisrupt
,selectionofthe
agent,apartfromtheeconomicissue,itseffectivenessdependsonthechemicalcomposition,
themethodofapplicationanditsimpactonthesurfacelayerofconcrete.
Therearenoglobalregulationsandrequirementsforcuringcompounds,andeach
productsisASTMC309,whichisnotvalidinEurope[19].AccordingtotheConstruction
ProductDirective(CPR),inEuropeancountriescuringcompoundsarenotaconstruction
productbecausethesesubstancesarenotpermanentlybuiltinthebuildingobject[19].
Forthisreason,thereisnoreferencedocumentcontainingasetoftestmethodsand
,theirproductionandusearewidespread.
ThereisaPolishnationaldocument,whichinfactisnotastandardbutarecommendation,
althoughitcontainssomerequirementsfortheseproducts[20].
Thispaperaimedtoshowthedifferencesbetweenthepropertiesofthemostpopular
substances,theFTIRspectrum(NicoletiS10,ThermoScientiflc,Waltham,MA,USA)of
ofthecuringcompoundmightalsobecausedbytheactivesubstance’scontent,thedry
tensilestrengthofcementcomposites,especiallyinregionsnearthesurface,thetensile
strengthofcuredanduncuredsampleswastestedusingthepull-,the
microstructureofcuredanduncuredcementcompositeswasexaminedusingscanning
electronmicroscopy(SEM,CarlZeissMicroscopyGmbH,Köln,Germany)techniquesto
discoverthedifferencesbetweentheformedstructures.
Thenoveltyofthispaperisthatthepresentedresultsofthesetestscomparetheprop-
ertiesofproductsavailableinthemarketandshowthatacuringcompound’seffectiveness
mightvaryagreatdealfromproducttoproduct.
Thematerialsusedfortestswere11typesofcuringcompoundsavailableinthemarket
:.
Materials2022,15,26993of15
toavoidanyconflictsofinterest,andthesampleswererandomlynumberedfrom1to11.
Eachcompoundwasusedexactlyfollowingthedirectionsgivenbythemanufacturer.
Curingcompoundsamplesweredriedinanovenat105Cfor24h(Figure1).After
cooling,theFTIRspectraofthecuringcompoundweredeterminedbytheAttenuated
TotalReflectance(ATR)modeusinganFTIRspectrometer(NicoletiS10,ThermoScientiflc,
Waltham,MA,USA),overascanrangeof500to4000cm1,
(version9,software
versionnumber:,ThermoFisherScientiflcOMNIC,Waltham,MA,USA)wasusedto
,
inwhichtheinfraredradiationbeamisweakenedwhenitpassesthroughthesample
absorbingradiation,,radiation
undergoesmultipleinternalreflectionsinthecrystalofhighrefractiveindex(usuallymade
ofGe,ZnSeordiamond).Inthecaseofaliquidsample,pouringashallowamountoverthe
surfaceofthecrystalissufflcient[21].AsystemconstructedinthiswayiscalledanATR
system(attenuatedtotalreflection)orthemethodofattenuatedtotalinternalreflection.
(–11).
Thedrymasscontentincuringcompoundswastestedaccordingtothe
EN480-8standard[22].Samplesweredriedinanovenat105Cuntiltheyreached
’effectivenessisrelatedto
thedrymasscontent.
Theeffectivenessofcuringcompoundsisdeflnedastheirabilitytopreventtheevapo-
rationofwaterfromfreshconcreteunderdeflnedtemperatureandhumidityconditions.
ThemostwidelyusedmethodsarePKN-CEN/TS14754-1,similartoASTMC156and
AASHTOT155[17,18,23].ThedifferencesbetweenthetestmethodsaredescribedbyVan-
denbossche[24].ThispapertestedelevencuringcompoundsusingtheEuropeanTechnical
SpeciflcationPKN-CEN/TS14754-1[16].Accordingtothisdocumenttheeffectiveness:.
Materials2022,15,26994of15
ofcuringcompoundsshouldbetestedonreferencedconcretecontainingcement(
EN197-1[25]),aggregatesandadditives([26])andwaterinmassratio
::
andmeasuredaccordingtoEN12350-2[27,28].Maximumaircontentmeasuredaccording
toEN12350-7shouldnotexceed3%[29].Melaphyreflneswereaddedtodecreasethe
bleedingeffect,whichmakesitdifflculttodeterminethemomentofapplicationofthe
.
.
ConstituentContent(kg/m3)
PortlandcementCEMI42,5R520
melaphyreflnes0–
flneaggregate–riversand0/2mm589
coarseaggregate–natural2/8mm846
tapwater220
water–cementratiow/c=
consistencyofthefreshmixS1
Aftermixing,theconcretewasplacedinmouldswithasurfaceof50,0005000mm2
andadepthof50,theywere
,thecuringcompoundsweresprayed
overthesurfaceintwocrosslayers,inthequantitiesrequiredbytheirmanufacturers.
,areferencesamplewithout
temperatureof352Candarelativehumidityof403%withnoaircirculationonthe
6h,,thelossofsolventforeachcuringcompound
wasdeterminedusinganonadsorbingplatewiththesamesurfaceasthetestedsamples
weighingtheplatescuredinthesameconditionsintheclimatechamberafterthesame
thecuringefflciencyindexIt,whichiscalculatedforthecuringcompoundatthetimetasa
percentagefromtheEquation(1).