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ResearchPaper
JournalofInformationScience
1–15
Influenceofpersonalitytraitsonusers’ÓTheAuthor(s)2021
viewingbehaviourArticlereuseguidelines:
-permissions
DOI:
SamerMuthanaSarsam
DepartmentofBusinessAnalytics,SunwayUniversityBusinessSchool,SunwayUniversity,Selangor,Malaysia
HosamAl-Samarraie
SchoolofMediaandPerformingArts,CoventryUniversity,UK
AhmedIbrahimAlzahrani
ComputerScienceDepartment,CommunityCollege,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
Abstract
-
(46malesand50females,age23–28years)were
-Fivepersonalitytraitsofalltheparticipantstogetherwithdatarelatedtotheireye-movementswere
,agreeable-
users’viewingbehaviourofvisualstimulus,%
offacesandtheperceptualmechanismintheholisticfaceprocessingtheory.
Keywords
Big-Fivemodel;individualdifferences;personality;visualrecognition
Ithasrecentlybeenestablishedthatthespontaneoustendencytolookatpeople’facesisahallmarkofhumanbehaviour
andanessentialcognitiveadaptationthatfacilitatesindividualengagementduringvisualinteraction[1].Humanfaces
havebeenconsideredasmulti-dimensionalvisualstimulithatcanbeusedtoconveyacomprehensiverangeofinforma-
:facetraitsand
facestates[2].Facetraitsrefertothefacialfeaturesthatarerelativelypermanent,includinggender,race,aestheticsand
age(elderlyoryoung),whilefacestatesrefertothedynamicfacialmovementsofspeech,emotionanddirectionofgaze.
Faceprocessingisbelievedtobeauniversalareaofexpertiseinhumansandperhapsoneofthefirstdevelopedareas.
Thismightbebecausefacescanprovidetherichestcuesofanindividual’sidentity[3].Fromafunctionalpointofview,
theimportanceoffaceprocessingmakessensebecauserecognisingindividualsfacilitatescommunicationwithpeople
,acquiringspecialisedfaceprocessingmechanisms,eitherbynat-
uralselectionduringphylogenyorbyintensivelearningduringontogeny,,research
conductedtoexploretheeyebehaviourrevealedahighlevelofattentiontotheeyescomparedwithotherregions,when
scanningfacialstimuli[4,5].Asidefromtheeyes,peoplealsotendtoconcentrateonthemouthandnoseregions[6].
Correspondingauthor:
HosamAl-Samarraie,SchoolofMediaandPerformingArts,CoventryUniversity,CoventryCV15FB,UK.
Emails:******@;h.******@:.
Viewers’perceptualresponsetotheseregionsisalsoinfluencedbytaskdemands(-
nation)aswellasthecharacteristicsofthestimuli,suchasemotionalexpressionofthefacewithspecificdiagnosticfea-
tures(-openeyesorhappygrinningmouth)[7,8].
Theliterature(.[9])showedadirectlinkbetweencertainfacialtraitsandpeople’spsychologicalcharacteristics,
whichcanbecomplementedbycertainvisualpreferences[10].Previousstudies(.[11])onindividuals’visualprefer-
enceshavethepotentialtodetermineemotionalanddecision-,Guyetal.[12]identified
[13]reportedqualitative
differencesinvisualworkingmemoryforfacerepresentationsasafunctionofpsychopathologyandpersonalitytraits.
Thisledustoexplorehowindividualpreferencesforfacescanserveasindicatorsofcertainpsychologicalaspects.
PreviousstudieslikeZenner[14]andAl-Samarraieetal.[15]showedhowindividuals’preferencescanbelinkedtospe-
,thepictureemergingfromthesestudiesshowslimitedevidenceabouttherolethat
differencesincharacteristicpatternsofthinking,feelingandconsequentlybehaviour[16].Personalityfeaturesconstitute
avitalpartofourpreferencesandactions;hence,itisimportanttounderstandwhichofthesefeaturesmaybelinkedto
-
,studyinghowpersonalitytraitsmaycontributetotheindividualprocessingoffacialfeaturesiscru-
cialforunderstandingindividualdifferencesinfuturedecision-,twoquestions
wereexploredasfollows:(1)howpersonalitytraitsimpactusers’viewingbehaviour?and(2)canpersonalitytraitsbe
predictedusingusers’viewingbehaviour?
Basedontheabove,thisstudyexaminedtheimpactofpersonalitytraitsonusers’-
theBig--trackingtechnologytoexplorethedifferencesintheperceptualstructure
,asuper-
visedmachinelearningalgorithmwasappliedtotheeye-movementdatatopredictthepersonalitytraitsofthepartici-
,personalityand
-affectivecognition.
Previousstudiesthatexaminethecorrelationbetweenusers’personalityandtheireye-movementsindicatethatpeople
withsimilarpersonalitytraitstendtoexhibitsimilareye-movements[17].Personalitytraitsareindicatorsofindividuals’
tendenciesfrombehavioural,cognitiveandemotionalperspectives[18].Differencesinpersonalitycanbeexamined
basedontheBig-Fivemodelofpersonality(alsoknownasthefive-factormodel)thatisusedextensivelyinpsychology
[19].Themodelconsistsoffivefactorsthatarecommonlyusedtorepresentthepersonalitydimensions:extraversion,
neuroticism,opennesstoexperiences,agreeablenessandconscientiousness[20,21].Neuroticismreferstotheindividual’s
characteristicsofbeingeasytofedupandhavingunstableemotion[22].Itisusedasamannerforunderstandingtherela-
tionbetweenpersonallyrelevanttraitsandtheemotionalstabilityofapersonincertaincontexts[23,24].Extraversion
representsacoherentpsychologicalpatternsintermsofpersonal’sbehaviour,cognition,passionthatvaryfromoneindi-
vidualtoanotherbasedonthetaskdemandandenvironmentalconditions[25].AstudybyTettandBurnett[26]argued
representsthecharacteristicofownintellectualandindependent-minded[22].Individualshighinofopennesstoexperi-
encearecharacterisedasbeingexploratoryinnatureandseeknew,unconventionalandunfamiliarexperiences[27].The
.[28]statedthat
,conscientiousnessrefersto
thetypeofpropensitythatcharacterisesapersonasbeingdependableinachievinghisorhergoals[29].Quintelier[30]
pointedoutthatpeoplehighinconscientiousnesstraitareviewedtobemoreorganisedandresponsible.
Ourreviewshowedafewarticlesintheliteraturethathavedescribedtherelationshipbetweenpersonalitytraitsand
therecognitionbehaviourofindividuals[31,32].Yet,itisbelievedthatspecificpersonalitytraitsmayexplainamoderate
-
minantstoshapeviewers’socialbehaviourhassignificantimplicationsfornumerousscientificandtechnologicalareas
[33].Thiscanbeachievedthroughabehaviouralanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenindividuals’personalitytraitsand
eye--movementisafundamentalbehaviourthatcanrevealimportantcognitive,affective,
motivationalandsocialcharacteristicsofpeople[34].Previousstudies(.[20,35,36])addressedthepossibilityoflink-
JournalofInformationScience,2021,–15ÓTheAuthor(s),DOI::.
differencesaremanifestedonmolarandmolecularlevelsofbehaviour[37].Inaddition,theperceptualbehaviourofpeo-
pleisconditionedbysocial,motivational,cognitiveandregulatoryfunctions[34].Canli[38]addedthatsomestimulus
materialsseemtoevokecertaineye--
enonmayimplyapossiblelinkbetweenthehumanneurologicalsystemandspecificpersonalitytraits.
Nevertheless,afewstudieshaveexaminedthepossibilityofpredictingspecificindividualdifferencesusingeye-
,EivaziandBednarik[39]proposedasystemthatusesreal-timeeye-trackingtechnol-
ogytomeasurethepatternsofvisualattentionamongpeople,andpredicttheirvisualbehaviourwhenperforminga
problem-.[40]examinedthepossibilityofusingeye-movementstoclassifythetypeoftask
–scenesearching,scenememorisation,readingandpseudoreading–theuserisperformingusingmultivariatepattern
-Samarraieetal.[20]investigatedthefeasibilityofpredictingthepersonalitytraits
(Big-Fivedimensions)fromuserpreferencesconveyedbytheireye-
onthese,itispossibletodeducethatindividualvisualpreferencesmaysomehowbeassociatedwithaspecificpersonal-
,suchasAl-Samarraieetal.[15],toexploretheroleofpersonalitytraits(con-
scientiousnessandagreeableness)ininferringusers’
continuousvariableanddeployedthebaggingclassifiertogetherwithageneticsearchmethodtoassessthepredictions
-
itydimensionexhibitedauniqueeye-,Al-
Samarraieetal.[36]studiedtheimpactofpersonalitydimensions(conscientiousness,agreeablenessandextraversion)
onusers’information-
outperformothersinmostinformation-[41]highlightedthepotentialofindividualpersonal-
itydimensionsinstimulatingonlineusers’decisiontoselectvisualpreferencesthatarelinkedtotheirself-presentation
.[42]whoarguedthatpersonalitycanstillbeusedtoshapehuman
behaviourthroughidentifyingthespecificcontingentroleofextraversion,conscientiousnessandagreeablenessfroma
cognitive-,onlyverylittleknowledgeexistsontheroleofpersonalityinmod-
ulatingviewers’viewingbehaviour[43].Thecharacteristicsofpersonalitytraitsmentionedabovemotivatedustostudy
theirimpactonindividuals’
RepresentationoftheNEOPI-Rä(IPIP-NEO).IPIP-NEO()isthemostpopular
approachusedintheliteratureforassessingtheBig-Fivetraits[35].
Weexaminedtheeye-movementbehaviourofparticipantwhoviewedthreefacesofindividualsthatbelongtodifferent
agegroups(baby,youngandelderly).Thissectionexplainsthestudyparticipants,materials,eye-trackingconfiguration,