文档介绍：该【大学生英语四级模拟真题试题 】是由【书犹药也】上传分享，文档一共【14】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【大学生英语四级模拟真题试题 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。PartI Writing (30 minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,you areallowed30minutestowriteashortessayon thechallengesof startinga careeraftergraduation. Youshould write at least120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
PartⅢReadingComprehension (40minutes)
 
SectionA
$5 trillion annuallyinwelfarecosts, withthemostserious26__occurringinthedevelopingworld.
Thefiguresinclude a numberof costs27__withairpollution. Lostincomealone amountsto$225billion ayear.
The reportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution. Indoorpollution, whichincludes28__likehomeheating andcooking,has remained29__overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvances growthin industryandtransportation.
Director ofInstitute forHealth Metrics andEvaluationChrisMurray30__itasan“urgentcall toaction.”“Oneof theriskfactors forpremature deaths istheair webreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31__ ,”hesaid.
Theeffectsofairpollutionare worstinthedeveloping world,whereinsomeplaceslost-labor income32__nearly1% low-andmiddle-incomecountrieslivein places wherethey33__experience dangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.
Butthe problemisnotlimited . European countries,where diesel(柴油)35__havebecomemorecommon inrecentyears,thatnumber reachestens ofthousands.
A) ability 
B)associated 
C)consciously 
D)constant 
E) control 
F)damage 
G)described 
H) equals
I) exclusively
J)innovated
K)regularly
L) relates
M)sources
N)undermine
O)vehicles
SectionB
Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessing Progress
[A]Severaltimesamonth, you can findadoctorintheaislesofRalph’s marketin HuntingtonBeach,California,wearinga whitecoatand helping , this doctor wasDanielNadeau, wandering thecerealaislewithAllison Scott,givinghersome ideaon howtofeedkidswho persistentlyavoidanythingthatis healthy.“Haveyouthoughtabout tryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”heasksher.“Thefrozenorangesandapples arealittlecheaper, andfruitsarereallygood for toprepare,youcantakethe frozen fruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”
[B]Scott is delightedtogetfoodadvicefroma physician whoisprogramdirectorofthe nearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetes Center,part oftheSt. JosephHoagHealth ’s‘Shopwith YourDoc’ programsends doctorsto thegrocery storetomeet withanypatientswhosign upfortheservice, plusanyothershoppers whohappentobe around with questions.
[C]Nadeaunotices thepre-mademacaroni (通心粉)-and-cheeseboxes inScott’s shoppingcartandsuggests sheswitch towholegrainmacaroniandreal cheese.“SoI’dhavetomakeit?”sheasks,herenthusiasmfadingatthe thoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveher kidsrejectit. “I’mnot surethey’’teatit.”
[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessed foodsarebigcontributors to therisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.“InAmerica,over 50percentof ourfood isprocessed food,”Nadeautells her.“And only 5 percentofour food isplant-.”Scottagreesto trymorefruitjuicesfor thekidsandtomakerealmacaroni andcheese. Scoreonepointfor the doctor,zerofor diabetes.
[E]Nadeau -as-medicinemovementhas beenaround fordecades, but it’smaking progress asphysicians and medicalinstitutionsmake food aformalpartoftreatment, ratherthan relyingsolely onmedications(药物).By prescribing nutritional changes orlaunchingprogramssuchas ‘ShopwithyourDoc’,theyare tryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychanging what patients eat. “There’snoquestionpeoplecan take thingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes, reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerbyfood choices,”Nadeau says.
[F]Inthebigpicture,saysDr. RichardAfable, HoagHealth,medicalinstitutions acrossthestatearestartingto make aphilosophicalswitch tobecomingahealth organization, notjustahealthcareorganization. That feelingechoesthebeliefs ofthe TherapeuticFood Pantry programatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompletedits pilotphaseandisaboutto expand onan ongoingbasis to offerpatientsseveralbags offoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.“We reallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine, and not justgive awayfood,” Nguyen,thehospital’s medicaldirectorofHealthyFood Initiatives. “Wewantpeople tounderstand whatthey’re eating,how toprepareit, therolefood playsin theirlives.”
[G]InSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecialized trainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyle Medicine —that isa formalspecialtyinusingfood poweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthe solution, orthat every illnesscan benefitsubstantiallyfromdietary ,physicianssay that theylookatthecollectivedata anda clearpicture emerges:that the salt,sugar, fatand processedfoods intheAmericandietcontribute tothe nation’shighratesofobesity,diabetesand heartdisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percent ofdeathsfrom heartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure, tobaccouse,elevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionof fruits andvegetables.
[H] “It’sadifferentparadigm(范式)ofhowtotreatdisease,” Rea, whohelps runthefamilyandpreventivemedicine residencyprogram atLomaLindaUniversity medicinespecialtyis designedtotraindoctors inhow to preventandtreatdisease,inpart, bychangingpatients’ schoolatLomaLindaalso ,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodsto buy, butalso howto preparethemathome.
[I]Manypeopledon’tknowhowto cook,Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthings meansdependingon peopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthy andhowtopreparethem,she says,can actuallytransformapatient’s ,itmighttransformthehealthand livesofthatpatient’sfamily.“Whatpeople eatcanbe medicineor poison,”Reasays.“Asaphysician, nutrition isoneofthe mostpowerfulthings you canchangetoreversethe effectsoflong-termdisease.”
[J]Studieshave exploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation(炎症),forexample, ormakethe ,many lifestylemedicine physiciansrecommenda plant-baseddiet —particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.
[K]“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco, this willrequireaculturalshift, butthatcan happen,”saysNguyen.“In the samewayphysicians usedto smoke,andthen stoppedsmokingand were abletotalk topatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhave abiggervoice in it.”
of thefoodAmericans eatisfactory-produced.
isaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogive advicetoshoppers infoodstores.
isgrowing evidencefromresearch thatfoodhelpspatientsrecover fromvariousillnesses.
healthybreakfastcanbeprepared quickly and easily.
topreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.
41. One food-as-medicineprogramnotonly prescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatients howtocookit.
, thinkingitwouldsimplybe awasteoftime.
eatmoreplant-basedfood.
44. Usingfoodasmedicine isnonovelidea,butthe movementismakingheadwaythesedays.
’highratesofvariousillnesses result from thewaytheyeat.
Section C
PassageOne
Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtfor manyyears now,with certainareasevenhavingto pump freshwaterhundredsofmiles problem isgrowingas the researchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthe state drillingofwellscouldonly reachdepthsof1,000feet,butdue to newpumping practices,waterdeeperthan this can nowbeextracted (抽取).TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers(地下蓄水层)below this depthandfound thatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.
Itisprofitable todrilltodepthsmorethan 1,000 feetforoil andgasextraction,but only recentlyinCaliforniahasit ,000 to 3,000feet belowtheground,which meansthat pumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereare other concerns. Thebiggest concernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeep inthegradualsettling down ofthe out,thevacantspaceleft iscompacted bythe weightoftheearthabove.
Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsis expensive,it isstillcheaperthandesalinating(脱盐)the oceanwaterinthelargely coastalstate. Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible,buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstant repairs. Wellsare muchmorereliable sourcesoffreshwater, andCaliforniaishoping thatthesedeepwells may betheanswer totheir severewatershortage.
One problemwiththese sources isthatthedeepwater alsohasahigherlevelofsalt thanshallower , thusincreasingthecost. Researchfrom theexhaustive studyofgroundwaterfrom over950 drillinglogshasjustbeen waterreserves now go upto2,700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.
couldCalifornia’sdrought crisisbesolvedaccording to some researchers?
A)Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.
B)Bydrawingwater fromthedepths oftheearth.
C)Bydevelopingmore advanceddrillingdevices.
D)Byupgrading its waterdistributionsystem.
fromdeepaquifers?
A)Itwas deemedvital tosolving thewaterproblem.
B)Itwasnotconsideredworththe expense.
C)Itmaynotprovide qualityfreshwater.
D) Itisbound to gainsupport fromthelocal people.
ofextractingwaterfromdeepunderground?
A) The sinkingoflandsurface.
B) The harmtothe ecosystem.
C)The damagetoaquifers.
D)The changeof theclimate.
49. What doesthe authorsayaboutdeepwells?
A)Theyrunwithoutany need forrepairs.
B) Theyareentirelyfree frompollutants.
C)Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.
D) They provideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.
50. Whatmay happenwhendeepaquifersareused as water sources?
A)People’shealth mayimprovewith cleanerwater.
B) People’swater bills maybeloweredconsiderably.
C)The cost maygoupdue todesalination.
D)They maybe exhausted soonerorlater.
 
PassageTwo
The AlphaGoprogram’svictoryisan exampleofhow smart computers havebecome.
Butcanartificialintelligence (AI)machinesactethically,meaningcanthey behonestand fair?
roads,soitisnottoosoonto ask whetherwe canprograma machinetoactethically. Asdriverlesscarsimprove, fewermistakesthanhuman ,however, avoidhitting achildrunning across theroad,evenif that willputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoid adog?What if theonlyriskisdamage tothe car itself,nottothepassengers?
Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars, but theyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings. Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthan wearewillbethebigger challenge.
Aboutthesametimeas AlphaGo’striumph, Microsoft’s‘chatbot’ software,named Taylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18- wassupposedto beabletolearnfromthe messages designedtoslowlyimprove herability tohandle conversations, butsomepeoplewere thingsabout Hitler,Microsoftturnedheroff anddeletedher ugliestmessages.