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Received:10March2021Revised:25April2021Accepted:13May2021
DOI:
SPECIALISSUEPAPER
Topicallocationmethodonedgeserversforlatency-
sensitivenotificationservice
TomoyaTanaka1|TomioKamada2|ChikaraOhta3
1SchoolofInformationTechnologies,
TallinnUniversityofTechnology,Tallinn,Abstract
EstoniaTheimportanceofreal-timenotificationhasbeengrowingforsocialservices
2GraduateSchoolofSystemInformatics,andIntelligentTransportingSystem(ITS).AsanadvancedversionofPub/Sub
KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japansystems,publish-process-subscribesystems,wherepublishedmessagesare
3GraduateSchoolofScience,Technology
andInnovation,KobeUniversity,Kobe,spooledandprocessedonedgeservers,havebeenproposedtoachievedata-
,wepresentasystemthatallowsa
topictobemanagedonmultipleedgeserverssothatmessagesareprocessed
Correspondence
TomoyaTanaka,SchoolofInformationnearthepublishers,-
Technologies,TallinnUniversityofingmessagesongeographicallydistributedserverscouldenableimmediate
Technology,Ehitajatetee5,,theduplicatedmessagespool
Tallinn,Estonia.
Email:******@-
process-subscribesystemandformulatethetopicallocationasanoptimization
TomoyaTanaka,AkadeemiaTee7/2,
12611Tallinn,-hard,weproposeheuristicsleveragingthelocalityandthe
pub/subrelationshipsobservedbetweenclientstousetheedgeserver
Fundinginformation
JSPSKAKENHI,Grant/AwardNumbers:
JP18H03232,JP20K11841;Nationalreducesthedelaytodelivernotificationsandtheeffectivenessofthestrategy
InstituteofInformationandexploitingtherelationshipsbetweenclients.
CommunicationsTechnology(NICT)
1|INTRODUCTION
Inrecentyears,theimportanceofreal-timenotificationcombinedwiththeuseofdatahasbeengrowingforapplica-
tionssuchasIoTapplicationsandIntelligentTransportingSystem(ITS).1Forexample,real-timedecision-makingser-
vicesproposedinITSareexpectedtoreactimmediatelytochangesintrafficconditions,analyzethecurrentconditions,
-accessEdgeComputing(MEC)andPub/Submessagingmodelshave
beenexploitedtogeneratenotificationsimmediately,reflectingthechangingspatio-temporalconditions.
MEC,proposedbytheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI),enablesultra-lowlatencyand
beenappliedtoIoT,AR/VR,,Pub/Submodelcanbeadaptedtothe
designoflarge-,topic-basedandcontent-basedPub/Submodel
,6Amoresophisti-
catedversionofPub/Subcalledpublish-process-subscribeenablesdata-drivennotificationsbyspoolingandanalyzing
ThisisanopenaccessarticleunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercialLicense,whichpermitsuse,distributionandreproductioninany
medium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycitedandisnotusedforcommercialpurposes.
©&SonsLtd.
;
/:.
2of17TANAKAETAL.
-basedpublish-process-subscribe
,
publisherscansendmessagestothenearbyedgeserverwhichmanagesthemessage'-
,duplicatingmessageson
geographicallydistributedserverscouldenableimmediatenotificationsfrompublisherstoneighboringsubscribers.
However,duetothelimitedresourcesonedgeservers,duplicatingmessagesonnumerousedgeserverscouldcause
,which
performanalysisofthestreamingmessagesinthepublish-process-subscribeparadigm,-
trast,wemainlyfocusonutilizingstoragecapacityonedgeserversefficientlywhileenablingonetopictobemanaged
onmultipleedgeserverssothatthepublishedmessagesareprocessedatnearbyedgeserversandthegeneratednotifica-
capacityneededforduplicatedmessagespools,itdoesnotincreasethetotalcomputationalcostformessageprocessing
executedinadistributedmanner.
Wehaveproposedtheprototypedesignofourpublish-process-subscribesystemandconductedapreliminaryexper-
imenttoshowthetrade-,wemea-
suredthepathlengthfrompublisherstosubscribersandthestoragecapacityusedoneachedgeserverdependingon
servers.
Inthispaper,weproposeamodelthatlinksthepathfrompublisherstosubscribersandestimatestheconsumed
,weproposeamethodtoallo-
catetopicsonedgeserversinordertoachievereal-timenotificationsinapublish-process-subscribesystemunderlim-
:
•Weproposeadelaymodelofthenotificationdeliveryfromapublishertosubscribersandformulatethetopicalloca-
tionmethodasanoptimizationproblemofthedelayundertheresourceconstraintsonedgeservers.
•AstheformulatedoptimizationproblemisNP-hard,weproposeaheuristicnamedRELOC,whichallocatestopics
andtopic-derivedrelationshipsobservedamongpublishersandsubscriberstousestoragecapacityefficientlywhile
maintainingproximitybetweenclientsandamessageprocessor.
themotivationalcaseinmoredetails,enhancethemodelusedtorepresentcomputationalresourcesonedgeservers,
andimprovetheRELOCalgorithmanditsevaluation.
Theremainderofthisarticleisorganizedasfollows:Section2explainsrelatedworkstoclarifythepositionofour
,
Section5,weformulatethenotificationdeliverydelayforthepresentedpublish-process-,
topicmethodinSection7.
2|RELATEDWORK
Topic-basedPub/(called
publishers)toreceivers(subscribers).Instead,abrokerpreparedforeachtopicreceivesmessagespublishedtothistopic
,scalablePub/Subsystemsareusedtoconnectmulti-
-13ApacheKafka,11whichisdevelopedbyLinkedIn,canallocatemultiplebrokersfor
.
Thissystemfocusesonscalabilityandfaulttoleranceofthedistributedsystembutpayslittleattentiontothegeographi-
callocality.
Publish-process-subscribesystemsareanevolutionofPub/Submechanismswherepublishedmessagesare
-process-subscribemodel-basedreal-timecommunicationis
-time:.
balancesdatapublicationandprocessingloadforpublish-process-subscribesystemsoperatingattheedgesandensures
Quality-of-Service(QoS)onaper-
Nevertheless,manyresearchersfocusingonefficientedgeserverresourceuseassumethatonetopicismanagedby
,suchone-topic-to-one-edge-
example,itcouldtakelongertodelivermessagesfrompublisherstosubscribersinapplicationswherepublishersand
,computationalloadandtrafficloadcouldbeconcentratedwhen
hasthepotentialtoachieveimmediatemessagedeliveryfrompublishertosubscriberviatheirnearbyedgeserver,as
-topic-to-many-edge-serverarchitecturecoulddistributecomputationalloadandtraffic
,preparingmessageprocessorsonmultipleserverscouldcausestoragecapacityover-consumption.
Consideringthelimitedresourcesofedgeservers,manyresearchesfocusonproactivelyfetchingcontentonedge
cachedinclude(1)contentrequestprobability,15,16wherethemostpopularcontentiscachedonedgeservers;or(2)
clientmobility,17,,
inpublish-process-subscribesystems,themessagesordataobjectstobestoredonedgeserversaredeterminedbytopics
andpublishers/,weproposeanefficientuseofthelimitedstoragecapacity
,
topic-allocation-basedmessagesmanagementonedgeserversinpublish-process-subscribeparadigmhasnotbeenpres-
entedbefore.
,20isa
distributeddatastoreforFog/
andintroduceslocation-consciousreplicaplacementstrategyusingacontext(location)--
licasonneighboringhoststoenableefficientquorum-basedqueriesandalsoallocatesremotereplicastoprovidetoler-
publish/-localfederatedstoreoverunreliableMEC
,
federatedindexingmodelusingBloomfiltersanddifferentialreplicationschemeacrossedgeservers,butitdoesnot
,butit
doesnottakeintoaccountresourcecapacityordataprocessing.
3|SYSTEMOVERVIEW
Weconsiderapublish-process-subscribesystem,whereeachedgeservergeneratesandtransmitsdata-drivennotifica-
tionsnearpublisherssothatimmediatenotificationsaredeliveredtothenearbysubscribers.
Figure1presentsanoverviewofoursystem,whereeachpublisherisassignedtoasingleedgeserverwhichman-
,ClientCpublishesmessagestoTopicsPandQ,andEdge
B—theassignedserverofClientC—“home
server.”
andananalyzerofthespooledmessagesforatopic.
Onthistopicmanagementmechanism,thesystemgeneratesnotificationsanddeliversthemtosubscribersas
,itspoolsmessagesinthemessageproces-
,themessageprocessoranalyzesthespooledmessagesandgeneratesanotification.
Finally,