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China’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraand
itsImpactonInternationalOceanGovernance
HuDekun&JinYu
hemaritimeoutlookispeople’srationalperceptionofthestatus,
roleandvalueoftheoceaninhumanlifeandsocialdevelopment,
Tandpeople’soverallviewoftherelationshipbetweentheoceanand
formulationofacountry’smarinestrategyandtheconstructionofseapower.
Enteringthenewera,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyof
China(CPC)withComradeXiJinpingatitscore,takingintoconsideration
bothdomesticandinternationalimperativesanddrawingonthehistorical
experienceofmaritimedevelopmentbothathomeandabroad,hascomeup
withChina’
oftheconcept,ananalysisofitstheoreticalandpracticalorigins,andan
explorationofitssignificancetointernationalmaritimegovernanceare
conducivetothoroughlyunderstandingtheXiJinpingThoughtonSocialism
withChineseCharacteristicsforaNewEraandtheXiJinpingThoughton
Diplomacy,andbetterpromotingChina’smaritimepowerstrategyandthe
buildingofamaritimecommunitywithasharedfuture.
ConnotationsoftheNewMaritimeOutlook
ThenewmaritimeoutlookisChina’sguidelinesinhandlingmaritimeaffairs.
HuDekunisSeniorProfessorofHumanitiesandSocialSciencesatWuhanUniversity(WHU),and
ChairmanoftheBoardofDirectorsandChiefExpertattheWHU’sChinaInstituteofBoundaryandOcean
Studies;JinYuisaPhDcandidateattheChinaInstituteofBoundaryandOceanStudies.
1LiJian,“NewEraCallsforNewNationalMaritimeOutlook,”PLADaily,April25,2017,.
84ChinaInternationalStudiesChina’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraanditsImpactonInternationalOceanGovernance:.
ItisconsistentwiththepathofpeacefuldevelopmentpursuedbyChina
initsdiplomacy,thebuildingofacommunitywithasharedfuturefor
mankindandthenewtypeofinternationalrelationsproposedbyChina,as
itrepresentstheprogressiveconceptsofpeace,cooperation,mutualbenefits
andwin-winoutcomes.
Attachingimportancetooceansinnationaldevelopment
Seasandoceanshavenurturedlife,connectedtheworldandpromoted
proposedatthe18thCPCNationalCongress,withaviewtorealizingthe
ChineseDreamofgreatnationalrejuvenation,GeneralSecretaryXiJinping
hasmadetheobjectiveanimportantpartofthecauseofsocialismwith
Chinesecharacteristics,anddeliveredaseriesofimportantspeechesandplans
onthedevelopmentofChina’smarineundertakingsundernewcircumstances.
OnJuly30,2013,whenpresidingovertheeighthgroupstudysession
ofthePoliticalBureauofthe18thCPCCentralCommittee,Xipointedout
theimportanceofseasandoceanstoChina’sdevelopmentonallfronts.“In
the21stcentury,mankindhasenteredaperiodofmassiveexploitationand
importantroleinacountry’seconomicdevelopmentpatternanditsopening-
uppractice,andhavetakenamoreprominentpositioninsafeguarding
nationalsovereignty,securityanddevelopmentinterests,aswellasin
ofseasandoceansinglobalpolitical,economic,militaryandtechnological
competitionisalsoontherise.”Inabidtomakenewachievementsin
maritimepowerconstruction,heproposedfurtherconcernaboutaswell
ofthesameyear,Xionceagainstressedtheimportanceofseasandoceans
2“XiJinpingMeetswithHeadsofForeignDelegationsInvitedtoMultinationalNavalEventsMarking
70thAnniversaryofPLANavy,”People’sDaily,April24,2019,.
3“XiJinpingAdvocatesBuildingChinaintoMaritimePoweratPoliticalBureauStudySession,”People’s
Daily,August1,2013,.
China’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraanditsImpactonInternationalOceanGovernanceSeptember/October202185:.
duringhisinspectionofDalianShipbuildingIndustryOffshore,“Marine
undertakingsarerelatedtothesurvivalanddevelopmentofournationand
theriseandfallofourcountry.”4InthewhitepaperChina’sMilitaryStrategy
in2015,itwasalsostressedthatseasandoceansbearontheenduringpeace,
ThemajordeploymentofbuildingChinaintoamaritimepoweris
ofgreatandfar-reachingsignificancetopromotingsustainedandsound
economicdevelopment,safeguardingChina’ssovereignty,securityand
developmentinterests,andachievingthegoalofbuildingamoderately
prosperoussocietyinallrespectsandthenrealizingthegreatrejuvenationof
theChinesenation.
Emphasizingland-seacoordination
ThoughChinaisacountrywithvastlandandseaterritories,
mostthreatstoChina’snationalsecuritysincemoderntimeshavecome
fromtheseas,moreattentionhassincebeengiventomaritimepower
,asmodernChinawaspoorandweak,andfaced
withdomesticstrifeandforeignaggression,itfailedtodefenditsmarine
,therewasadisputebetweenlanddefenseandcoastal
defense.
XiJinpinghasexplicitlystressedthesignificanceofChina’smaritime
presencesoonafterhetookpower.“Chinaisnotonlyamajorland
powerbutalsoamajormarinepowerwithextensivemaritimestrategic
interests.”“WeshouldkeepinmindthecauseofsocialismwithChinese
characteristics,takeintoaccountbothdomesticandinternational
imperatives,andadheretocoordinateddevelopmentonlandandatsea.”6
Theimportantideaofland-seacoordinationwasreiteratedinthereportat
4“XiJinpingCallsforInnovation-DrivenDevelopmentStrategyduringInspectioninLiaoning,”People’s
Daily,September2,2013,.
5StateCouncilInformationOfficeofChina,“China’sMilitaryStrategy,”May2015,.
.
6“XiJinpingAdvocatesBuildingChinaintoMaritimePoweratPoliticalBureauStudySession.”
86ChinaInternationalStudiesChina’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraanditsImpactonInternationalOceanGovernance:.
the19thCPCNationalCongressandinChina’sOutlineofthe14thFive-
YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandLong-Range
thetraditionalviewthatlandoutweighssea,andstrengthenedtheawareness
ofmodernmarineeconomicdevelopmentfeaturingmulti-level,extensive
notonlyenhancedChina’shardpowerinmarineeconomy,military,science
andtechnology,butalsoimproveditssoftpowerinmarineawarenessand
Balancingbetweenrightsprotectionandstabilitymaintenance
Strikingabalancebetweenprotectingmaritimerightsandinterestsand
maintainingmaritimestabilityisanimportantpartofthenewmaritime
,General
SecretaryXiJinpinghaspointedouttheneedtosettledisputesthrough
insistingonChina’ssovereigntyclaimsonthedisputedislandsandreefs,it
isnecessarytosetasidedisputesandcarryoutjointdevelopmentwithother
partiestopromotemutuallybeneficialandfriendlycooperationandexpand
Atthesametime,inthefaceofsomecountriesthatinfringeon
China’smaritimerightsandexternalforcesthatusemaritimeissuesto
challengeChina’ssovereignty,securityanddevelopmentinterests,Xihas
alsostressedthatwhileChina,asapeace-lovingcountry,willadhereto
thepathofpeacefuldevelopment,innowaywillitabandonitslegitimate
rightsandinterests,
shouldmaintainstabilitywhileadvocatingourrightsandinterests,
comprehensivelysafeguardoursovereignty,securityanddevelopment
interests,andenhanceouroverallnationalstrengthtobettermaintain
7WangHong,“MaritimePowerBuildingHelpsRealizetheChineseDream,”People'sDaily,November
20,2017,.
8“XiJinpingAdvocatesBuildingChinaintoMaritimePoweratPoliticalBureauStudySession.”
China’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraanditsImpactonInternationalOceanGovernanceSeptember/October202187:.
complexities,andimproveourcapacitytoresolutelysafeguardmaritime
AsthebackboneforsafeguardingChina’smaritimerightsand
interests,thenavy’sroleinmaintainingmaritimepeace,tranquilityand
goodorderhasbeenhighlyvaluedbyXi,whonotedthatChinafirmly
pursuesanationaldefensepolicythatisdefensiveinnatureandadvocates
thenewvisionofcommon,comprehensive,cooperativeandsustainable
’snavalforcedevelopment,the
above-mentionedwhitepaperChina’sMilitaryStrategyhascalledfor
buildingamodernmaritimemilitaryforcecommensuratewithnational
securityanddevelopmentinterestsandwiththecapabilitytodefend
thestrategicrequirementsofoffshoredefenseandopenseasprotection,
theChineseNavywillgraduallyshiftitsfocusfromsolelyoffshore
foritsinternationaloutreach,theChinesemilitary,holdinghighthe
bannerofwin-wincooperation,arecommittedtocreatingamaritime
securitylandscapefeaturingequality,mutualtrust,fairness,justice,joint
andexchangesanddeepeningpracticalcooperation,naviesofdifferent
countriesshouldpursueamutuallybeneficialapproachtomaritime
security,andjointlyaddresscommonthreatsandchallengesatseato
Harmonybetweenmankindandthesea
GeneralSecretaryXiJinpinghasattachedgreatimportancetomarine
,
9“XiJinpingAdvocatesBuildingChinaintoMaritimePoweratPoliticalBureauStudySession.”
10StateCouncilInformationOfficeofChina,“China’sMilitaryStrategy.”
11“XiJinpingMeetswithHeadsofForeignDelegationsInvitedtoMultinationalNavalEventsMarking
70thAnniversaryofPLANavy.”
88ChinaInternationalStudiesChina’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraanditsImpactonInternationalOceanGovernance:.
hehaspointedoutthenecessitytopromotethetransformationtowards
-outeffortsshouldbemadetocurb
thetrendofdeterioratingmarineecologicalenvironment,andresolute
measuresshouldbetakentoachieveremarkableimprovementinmarine
ecologicalenvironmentandensuresafeseafood,blueseasandskies,
,heindicatedthatthe
authoritiesshouldincorporatemarineecologicalprogressintotheoverall
planofmarinedevelopment,attachequalimportancetoexploitationand
protection,payequalattentiontopollutionpreventionandremediation,
utilizemarineresourcesinascientificandrationalway,andmaintainthe
Inrecentyears,Chinahasbeencommittedtotheconstructionof
marineecologicalcivilization,intensifyingmarinepollutionprevention
andtreatment,protectingmarinebiodiversityandexploitingmarine
resourcesinanorderlymanner,tocreateabetterenvironmentforfuture
’sdomesticdevelopment
agenda,butalsothecountry’
hisspeechattheChina-GreeceMarineCooperationForum,PremierLi
Keqiangproposedworkingtogetherforanoceanofharmony.“While
workingonthedevelopmentoftheocean,countriesneedtotreatmarine
ecologykindlyandprotectmarineenvironmentsothattheoceanwill
remainaplacepeoplecandependonanddevelop”15InChina’sOutlineof
the14thFive-YearPlanissuedinMarch2021,land-seacoordinationand
awin-winandharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmankindandtheseaare
,itisalsonecessary
tosimultaneouslyadvancemarineecologicalprotectionandsafeguard
12“XiJinpingAdvocatesBuildingChinaintoMaritimePoweratPoliticalBureauStudySession.”
13Ibid.
14“XiJinpingMeetswithHeadsofForeignDelegationsInvitedtoMultinationalNavalEventsMarking
70thAnniversaryofPLANavy.”
15LiKeqiang,“ForPeace,CooperationandHarmonyintheOcean:RemarksattheChina-GreeceMarine
CooperationForum,”People’sDaily,June21,2014,.
China’sMaritimeOutlookintheNewEraanditsImpactonInternationalOceanGove