Overview of Allelopathic Potential of Lemna minor L. Obtained from a Shallow Eutrophic Lake 2022 Julia Gostyńska.pdf

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molecules
Review

fromaShallowEutrophicLake
JuliaGosty´nska1,RadosławPankiewicz2,ZdzisławaRomanowska-Duda3andBeataMessyasz1,*
1DepartmentofHydrobiology,FacultyofBiology,AdamMickiewiczUniversityinPoznan,Uniwersytetu
Poznanskiego6,61-614Poznan,Poland;******@
2FacultyofChemistry,AdamMickiewiczUniversityinPoznan,UniwersytetuPoznanskiego8,61-614Poznan,Poland;
******@
3DepartmentofPlantEcophysiology,FacultyofBiologyandEnvironmentalProtection,UniversityofLodz,
Banacha12/16,90-237Lodz,Poland;zdzislawa.******@
*Correspondence:******@;Tel.:[phone]
Abstract:Allelopathyisaninteractionthatreleasesallelochemicals(chemicalsthatactallelopathi-
cally)fromplantsintotheenvironmentthatcanlimitorstimulatethedevelopment,reproduction,

areallelopathic,
signiflcantimpactonthedevelopmentandtherateofmultiplicationandleadtostrongercompetition,

(L)Kü,haveasimilar
preferencefortheamountoflight,


mats,
Citation:Gosty´nska,J.;Pankiewicz,mosteffectiveasaresultofthereleaseofchemicalsbymacrophytesintotheaquaticenvironment.
R.;Romanowska-Duda,Z.;Messyasz,Therefore,allelopathyplaysasigniflcantroleintheformation,stabilization,anddynamicsofthe
.

:duckweed;pleustophytes;macroalgae;allelopathy;competition;polyphenols;population
2022,27,://;eutrophy

AcademicEditor:Piotr
PawełWieczorek

Received:22April2022
Accepted:23May2022Theplantcommunityisshapedbyspeciflcplantspeciesthatcoexistinaparticular
Published:26May2022placeataparticulartime[1].Theirpresenceinacommunityisdeterminedbymany
ecologicalaspects,includingbioticandabioticfactors[2].Interspeciesrelationshipsarean
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneutralimportantbioticfactor,
withregardtojurisdictionalclaimsininteractionstakeplacedirectlyorindirectlyintheindividual–individualandindividual–
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffll-environmentrelationships[1].Asaconsequence,itispossibletoinhibitthedevelopment
-occurringspecies,whichensuresthecompetitivesuccessofanother

interactionsthatoccurintheenvironmentbetweenvariousorganisms[3].Asaresultofthis
Copyright:©,mixturesofallelopathicchemicalsarereleasedfromplantsintotheenvironment[3].
LicenseeMDPI,Basel,,reproduction,
Thisarticleisanopenaccessarticleandsurvivaloftargetorganisms,alsoaffectingtheenvironment[4].
distributedunderthetermsand
.
Attribution(CCBY)license(https://Allelopathycanhaveavarietyofpracticalapplicationsinbothterrestrialandaquatic
,itismostcommonlyusedinagriculture,.,toremoveweeds,
/).diseases,andmicroorganismsthatareharmfultocrops,aswellastoimprovethecondition
Molecules2022,27,:///molecules27113428:.
Molecules2022,27,34282of17
ofcropsandtoeffectivelyincreasetheiryields[5–7].Allelopathyisprobablyoneofthe
,allelopathicsubstancesactina
similarwaytoherbicides,beinganeffectivetoolforcontrollingweedsinplantcrops[8].
Accordingtoresearch,[9,10].Previous

signiflcanteffectonmonocotyledons(cress,lettuce,andalfalfa)anddicotyledons(rye
grass,timothy,barnyardgrass,crabgrass,andjunglerice)[5].Smallamountsofmethanol
extract()limitthegrowthofshootsandrootsincress,lettuce,
andryegrass,aswellastimothyandcrabgrassroots[5].Atahigherconcentration(1g
),thedevelopmentofshootsandrootsinbarnyardgrass,junglerice,
crabgrass,andryegrassisinhibited[5].Amongtheplantsstudied,methanolextractmost
stronglyinhibitedthedevelopmentofalfalfashootsandtimothyroots[5].Subsequent
,suchasflavonoidsandfatty
acids,haveaninhibitoryeffectonthegrowthofwalnutbiomass[5].Asreportedinthe
literature,plantextractsarealsobacteriostaticinnature,whichhasbeendemonstrated
inSphaerotilusnatans[7].,therearesubstanceswithantioxidantandanti-
radicalpropertiesandpharmacologicalproperties,suchasphytol;campesterol;loliolide;
dihydroactinediol;ascorbicacid;vanillicacid;2,3-dihydroxybenzoicacid;caffeicacid;
chlorogenicacid;esculetin;esculin;andfraxetin[10–12].
isitssimplemorphology,rapidbiomassgrowthrate,andhighsensitivitytochangesinthe
,itisoftenusedintoxicologicalstudiesoftheenvironment[8,9,13].
Becauseofitshighproteincontent,Lemnaminorisusedinagricultureasaneffective
biopesticide[5,6,13].Iteliminatesphenoliccompoundsfromtheaquaticenvironment,
whichariseasaresultofindustrialdevelopmentandaretoxictoorganisms[13,14].This
[14].Bioremediationconsistsinimproving
theecologicalconditionoftheenvironmentwiththeuseoforganismsandtheirabilityto

isresistanttooxidativestressandtheaccumulationofreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS),
whicharetheresultofthepresenceofphenoliccompoundsintheenvironment,itmay
contributetotheimprovementofwaterquality[13,15].Theabilitytoproducebiomass
quicklycanbeusedtotreatwastewaterwithahighcontentoforganiccompoundsor
[16].Itisa
goodhyperaccumulatoroflead,nickel,chromium,copper,cadmium,andmanganese[16].
Thisplantisalsohighlyeffectiveinremovingarsenic,Ni,Zn,Fe,andCdfromaquatic
ecosystems[16].Sofar,littleresearchhasbeencarriedouttoconflrmtheallelopathic
,
theuseofthisplantasatoolformanagingtheaquaticandterrestrialenvironmentseems
tobeanextremelyimportantsolutionforpollutedecosystems.
(L.)KützPopulationFormation:
InteractionsbetweenSpecies

thisistheexcessivedevelopmentofbiologicallife,includingthemassiveappearanceof
phytoplanktonorganismsandotheraquaticplantsthatcreatebloomsonthewatersurface
,mainly
Cladophora(Chlorophyta)species,,
belongingtotheLemnaceaefamily,isalsoacommonaquaticplant.
Lemnaminorisasmallplant(pleustophyte)withasimplemorphologicalstructure.
Itconsistsofasinglethallusandhasnoroot[17,18].Theplantreproducesmainlyvege-
tatively[19].Insummer,-species,dense,andcompactclustersthat
floatfreelyonthewatersurface[9,20].Thesepatchesinhibitthedevelopmentofother
macrophytes,limitingtheiraccesstolightbyupto99%[21].Theincreaseinplantbiomass

coldermonths,thepleustophyteformssmallturionsthatarefllledwithstarchandsink:.
Molecules2022,27,34283of17
tothebottomofthewaterreservoir[10,22].Mostoften,
temperatureof6to33,from5to9[23].
prefersshallowplaceswithlowwaterturbulencethatarerichinelectrolytes[21,24].The
growth,survivalrate,andgrowthrateareinfluencedbyvariousecologicalfactors,.,
pH,watertemperature,concentrationofnutrients,presenceandconcentrationoftoxins
inwater,aswellascompetitionwithotherplantsforlightandnutrients[22].However,
temperatureandlightavailabilityarethefactorsthatbeststimulatethepropergrowthand
[22].Ithastheabilitytoabsorbmineralsaswellasphosphorus
andpotassiumthatarepresentinnutrient-richwater[22].Athreattothedevelopmentof
,includingthegreenalgaeofthegenusCladophora,
whichlimittheplant’saccesstolightandnutrients[22].Asaresult,ithaslimitedspace
andresourcestocreatedensecoloniesonthesurfaceofabodyofwater.
Cladophoraglomerata(L)Kü[25,26].
Duetothediversifledmorphologyoftheplant,thethallusmaybelongandbranchedin
flowingwatersandshortandbushyinstagnantwaters[27].Theliftingforceofwater
enablesthemovementofthethallus,whichcanchangeitsshapeandplaceofoccurrence.
Itcreatesfllamentousforms,calledgrippers,bymeansofwhichitattachestothegroundor
floatsinthewatercolumn[27].(“mats”)on
thesurfaceofawaterbody[21,28].Intensivedevelopmentoccursinspringandautumn,as
aresultofwhichitcreatesmassiveblooms[27].Thedensityandsizeofthebiomassoften
dependonthegrowingseasonandtheenvironmentalconditionsinwhichitgrows[29].
Greenalgamatsmayconsistofindividualsofonespecies(Cladophoraglomerata)orof
severalco-occurringspecies[25].
ecosystems(fromstagnantwaterstoflowingwaters),itismostnumerousineutrophic
waterswithahighconcentrationofnitrogenandphosphorus[21,25].Ithaspreference
forawiderangeoftemperaturesandlightconditions;therefore,iteasilyadaptstothe
ecosystemitcurrentlyinhabits[21,25].Owingtoitsuncomplicatedmorphologicalstructure,
rapidmultiplicationrate,andhighecologicaltolerance,
populationsandoccupiesconsiderablespace[26,29].Thisalgacanlimitaccesstolight
byupto70%,createanaerobicconditions,andinhibitthesupplyofnutrientsandthus
inhibitthedevelopmentofmacrophytes[26,29,30].,,
preferswaterswithahighcontentofnutrientsaswellasnitrogenandphosphorus[29].An
importantelementforthepropergrowthofgreenalgaeistheoptimalchemicalcomposition
ofwater,inwhichthereisahighconcentrationofnitratesandorthophosphates[25].
Asshownintheaboveliteraturedata,
,havea
similarpreferencefortheamountoflight,

aresult,theyinhibitthegrowthofotherhydromacrophytesastheyrestricttheiraccess

,methoxylphenol,
coumaricacid,andbenzoicacidhasbeenfoundinthethallioffllamentousgreenalgae[31].
Unfortunately,thereislittleresearchexplainingthemechanismofinteractionbetween
,itcanbeconcludedthatthereisanallelopathyphenomenon
betweenthem,whichmaybevisiblewhenoneplantwantstodominatetheaquatic

interaction(allelopathy)tooccur,thankstowhichoneofthespeciesachievescompetitive
,this
paperprovidesanoverviewoftheallelopathicpotentialofduckweedandreviewsthe
studiesonmodelsofLemnaminorandCladophoraglomeratapopulationfo