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高中化学基础知识(Basicknowledgeofhighschoolchemistry)
Highschoolchemistry,knowledgepoints,concept,alotof
thingsareveryabstract,difficulttounderstand,toreview
thegreatdifficulty,Weifangyoungteacherstocreatehigh
schoolchemistryaimstohelpthestudentsarestudyingand
deepentheirunderstandingofthechemistryofhighschool,to
helpthemsolvethedifficultiesencounteredinlearning.
Catalog
Safetyofchemicalexperiment
Separationandpurificationofmixtures
Iontest
Aunitofquantityofmatter
Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment
Chemicalsandtheirchanges
Metalsandtheircompounds
Nonmetalsandtheircompounds
Testofchlorideion
Nitricoxideandnitrogendioxide
Ammoniaandammoniumsaltchemicalexperimentsafety:.
Separationandpurificationofmixtures
Iontest
Aunitofquantityofmatter
Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment
Chemicalsandtheirchanges
Metalsandtheircompounds
Nonmetalsandtheircompounds
Testsforchlorideion,nitricoxideandnitrogendioxide,
ammoniaandammoniumsalts
Safetyofchemicalexperiment
1,(1)thetestofpoisonousgasshouldbecarriedoutinthe
ventilatedkitchen,andattentionshouldbepaidtotheproper
treatmentofexhaustgas(absorptionorignition,etc.).When
conductinginflammableandexplosivegasexperiments,it
shouldbeobservedthatthetailgasshouldbeburnedor
properlytreated.(2)burnshouldbetreatedbyadoctor.(3)
concentratedacidsprinkledontheexperimentaltable,first
withNa2CO3(orNaHCO3)neutralization,andthenwashedclean
,itshould
bewipedwithadrycloth,andthenrinsewithwater.
Concentratedacidsplashintheeyeshouldbedilutedwith:.
diluteNaHCO3solution,andthenaskthedoctortodealwith.
(4)concentratedalkaliontheexperimentaltable,firstdilute
withaceticacidneutralization,andthenwashedcleanwith
,itshouldfirstflush
withalargeamountofwater,andthencoatedwithboricacid
,rinsewith
waterandthenrinsewithboricacidsolution.(5)sodium,
phosphorusandotherfiresshouldbecoveredwithsand.(6)a
smallareaofalcoholandotherflammableorganicmatteris
.
Separationandpurificationofmixtures
Theapplicationshouldpayattentiontomattersofmaterial
separationandpurificationmethodforexamplefiltrationfor
solid-liquidseparationmixedapaste,twolowandthreeby
distillationandpurificationsuchaspurificationor
separationofliquidmixturesofdifferentboilingpointsto
preventliquidsaltbumping,themercurythermometeristhe
positionoftheball,theflowofthewatersolubilityof
differentcondensationdistillationsuchasoildistillation
suchastheuseofoilextractionofsoluteinanimmiscible
solvent,asolventextractionagentselectionmethodofsolute
fromitssolutionandanothersolventcompositionofthe
extractshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:theoriginal
andthesolventimmiscible;opentheupperendofthepiston
orthegroovethepistonandthefunnelwateronthesolubility
ofthesoluteismuchlargerthantheoriginalsolventwith
bromineincarbontetrachlorideextractionofbromineand
iodineliquidseparationofimmiscibleliquidsTheairis
:.
thepiston,thepistonclosesslowlylowerliquidoutflow,in
atimelymanner,theupperliquidpouredoutfromtheupperend
asbyheatingamixtureofevaporationofbromineandiodine
bromineincarbontetrachlorideextractionintoliquidafter
evaporationandcrystallizationforseparationand
purificationofseveralsolublesolidsolutionevaporates,
withaglassrodtostirmoreevaporationwhenthesolid
solution;inthedish,stopheatingseparationofNaClandKNO3
mixture
Iontest
ThephenomenonofionionequationClAgNO3reagent,diluteHNO3
whiteprecipitateproducedCl+Ag+AgCl=SO42-:diluteHCl
precipitationformula,BaCl2whiteprecipitateSO42-+Ba2+
=BaSO4downthemostcommonshouldhave:alkalisodium
potassiumcalciumandbarium,besidesisinsolubleinwater;
bariumsulfate,leadwatersolublechloridesalt,silver
+,Na+,K+
(throughthepurpleflame,cobaltblueglass)Na++
usesKSCNsolutiontogenerateredsubstancesFe(SCN)3.,Br-
andI-,usingadiluteHNO3acidifiedAgNO3solutionBr-to
produceapaleyellowprecipitatethatisinsolubleindilute
nitricacid,andI-producesayellowprecipitatethatis
insolubleindilutenitricacid.
Afterthereleaseofcarbonateionswithhydrochloricacidis
colorlessandodorlessandmakeclearlimewaterturbidgases:
hydroxide,heatedtoproduceapungentodor,wetredlitmusblue
:1,inordertomaketheimpurity,:.
reagentcannotjoinis"appropriate",butshouldbe"excessive",
becauseyoucannotguaranteethataddingsolventtheamountof
onlyexcessionsorionclustersinthesubsequentoperation
arenotintroduced,andevenifadded,theymustberemovedin
subsequentoperations
Aunitofquantityofmatter
(n)isthephysicalquantityof
(mol):measureanyparticleof23squareparticlescontaining
.:theAvogadroconstant23
timesmol-
amountofsubstancesubstancecontainingparticlenumber=5.
=N/NAn/Avogadroconstantmolarmass(M)(1)definition:mass
perunitamountofsubstanceofthematerialiscalledmolar
mass.(2):g/molorg..Mol-1(3):numericalrelativeatomic
massorrelativemolecularmassisequaltotheparticlequality
/quantity=6..Materialmaterialmolarmass(n=m/M)six,
(Vm)(1)definition:
gasunitmolarvolumecalledthemolarvolumeofgas.(2):unit
volume=L/
n=V/,Vm=
Theapplicationofquantityofmatterinchemistryexperiment
.(1)definedastheamount
ofsubstanceinthesolutionofasolutecontainedinaunit
:.
(2):mol/L(3)theamountofsubstanceconcentration=the
amountofsolutematerial/solutionvolumeCB=nB/
certainamountofsubstanceconcentrationofcompound(1):
accordingtothebasicprincipleofconcentrationforvolume
andsolutesolutionofthematerial,methodofcalculationfor
concentrationofrelatedsubstancesandcalculatethemassor
volumerequiredforthesoluteinthecontainerwillbediluted
withsolventandsolutetoaspecifiedvolume,havetoprepared
solution.(2).
solution,,weighing,dissolution,
transfer,.,,shake,
:Aselectionandpreparationforthe
.
WaterLeakagewhetherCcannotbedirectlydissolvedina
liquidlevelis1to2cmawayfromthecalibrationline,use
adroppertoobservethewaterheadtothelowestpointofthe
:
C(concentratedsolution),V(concentratedsolution),=C
(dilutesolution),V(dilutesolution)
Chemicalsandtheirchanges
Asysteminwhichsubstances(orsubstances)aredispersedin
another(ormore)substance,
dispersedarecalleddispersions(gases,liquids,solids).
Substancesthatactasdispersingagentsarecalleddispersants
(gases,liquids,solids).Threekindsofcolloidalsolution,
emulsion,dispersion,scatteredmatterparticlesize/nm
appearancecanpassthroughthefilterpaperortheTyndall:.
effectwaslessthan1examplesofuniform,transparentand
stablewithoutNaCl,sucrosesolutionin1-100between
colloidaluniform,transparentandstabletosomeFe(OH)3
colloidemulsionchemicalchangesmorethan100chemical
changesisnotuniform,opaqueandunstablewithoutslurrytwo,
materialcanoccurinavarietyof1,betweensubstances,
accordingtocertainstandardscanbeusedtoclassifychemical
changes.
(1)accordingtothereactantsandproductscategoriesandhow
manyspeciesofthereactioncanbedividedinto:A,chemical
reaction(A+B=AB),B(AB=A+B)C,thedecompositionreactionof
replacementreaction(A+BC=AC+B),Dmetathesis(AB+CD=AD+CB)
reaction(2)accordingtowhetherisinthethereactionis
dividedinto:A,ionreaction:thereareaclassofreactive
,molecularreaction(nonionic
reaction)(3)accordingtowhetherthereisareactioninthe
electrontransferreactioncanbedividedinto:A,redox
reaction:thereactionofelectrontransfer(gainoroffset)
ofthereactionsubstance:theelectrontransfer(gainor
offset)features:thevalenceofelementsbeforeandafterthe
reactionwiththechangeofBandnonredoxreaction,2ion
reaction(1),electrolyte:conductivecompoundsinaqueous
solutionormeltstate,,alkalis,and
electricityinaqueoussolutionormoltenstate;iscalleda
:electrolyteandnonelectrolyteare
conductionisconditional:theelectrolytemustbeinaqueous:.
substancesthatcanconductelectricityarenotelectrolytes:
copper,aluminum,graphite,etc..Nonmetallicoxides(SO2,SO3,
CO2)andmostoftheorganiccompoundsarenonelectrolytes.
(2),ionbyionequation:inresponsetotheactualsymbolthat
,
ofsuchreactionsistoproduceprecipitation,gas,orwater.
Writing:write:writedownthechemicalequationreaction:
solubleinwater,easilyionizedmaterialremovedformionion
indeletewillnotparticipateinthereactionfromthe
equationsbydeletingthecheck:checktheendsofbothends
oftheequationofatomicnumberandchargenumbersareequal
(3),theso-calledionioncoexistinthesamesolutionina
largenumberofcoexistence,referstoanyreactiondoesnot
occurbetweenions;iftheionscanreact,notalotof
,ionscannotcombinetoforminsolublematerial
ofcoexistence:suchasBa2+andSO42-+,AgandCl-,CO32-,
Ca2+andMg2+OH-andB,combinedwithioncannotgenerate
gasorvolatilesubstancesofcoexistence:suchasH+andC
O32-,HCO3-,SO32-,OH-andNH4+C,connateintohardmaterial
(water)ionizationionisnotalotofcoexistence:suchasH
+andOH-,CH3COO-,OH-andHCO3-etc..NotD,ionredoxreaction,
hydrolysisreactionofcoexistence(tolearn)Note:what
conditionssuchas:acolorlesssolutionshouldbeexcluded
fromthecoloredion:Fe2+andFe3+,Cu2+,MnO4-(plasma,
acidicoralkaline)shouldbeconsideredforiongroup,there
arealotofH(orOH-).
(4)ionequationtrueorfalse(sixsee),thereactionistrue:
mainlytoseewhetherthereactionorreactionproductis:.
correct,writetwotoseewhethertheionicequation:reaction
betweennotpuresolidionicequationthree,writechemistry
iscorrect:chemicalprecipitation,iontype,symbol,gassign
writtensymbols,,five,seewhetherthe
correctratioofionchargenumber,atomicnumbersix,see
whetherconservationandexpressionarerelatedtotheamount
ofreactioniscorrect(excessiveamount,3),theredox
reactionisasfollows:theconceptsandtheirmutualrelations
--thelossofelectronicvalenceincreasedbyoxidation(the
oxidationreactionoccurs)-reducingagent(Reductive)-
electronvalencereductionisreduced(alsoTheoriginal-
reaction)isanoxidizingagent(oxidizing)formula:lossof
oxygentorise,fall,ifthetworeverseagent.
Metalsandtheircompounds
>Mg>Al>,themetalisgenerally
morelively,easytoreactwithO2andgenerateoxidescanreact
withacidsolutionandgenerateH2,particularlylivelysuch
asNacanreactwithH2OreplacementH2,specialmetalssuch
amphotericoxides,andAl(OH)3isanamphoterichydroxide,
wh