生物专业英语课件1.pdf

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Biology:TheScienceofOurLives
Biologyliterallymeans"thestudyoflife".Biologyissucha
broadfield,coveringtheminuteworkingsofchemicalmachines
insideourcells,tobroadscaleconceptsofecosystemsandglobal
,the
compositionofourgenes,andeventhefunctioningofour

decipheringofthehumangenome,thesequenceofdeoxyribonucleic
acid(DNA)basesthatmaydeterminemuchofourinnate
capabilitiesandpredispositionstocertainformsofbehaviorand

cases(,aswellasthereversalofdeathpenalties
formanywrongfullyconvictedindividuals),aswellasthe
impeachmentofPresidentClinton(thestainatleastdidnotlie).
Wearebombardedwithheadlinesaboutpossiblehealthrisksfrom
favoritefoods(Chinese,Mexican,hamburgers,etc.)aswellas
thepotentialbenefitsofeatingotherfoodssuchascooked

metabolism-
turningtoherbalremediestoeasearthritispain,improvememory,
aswellasimproveourmoods.
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Canabiologybookgiveyoutheanswerstothesequestions?No,
butitwillenableyoulearnhowtosiftthroughthebiasesof
investigators,thepress,andothersinaquesttocritically
,fiveyearsafteryouare
throughwiththisclassitisdoubtfulyouwouldrememberallthe
,youwillknowwheretolookand
maybealittleabouttheprocessofsciencethatwillallowyou
?Yes,in
,but
youcanthinkcritically,solveproblems,andhavesomeideaabout

theshoefromtheshinola.
ScienceandtheScientificMethod
Scienceisanobjective,logical,andrepeatableattemptto
understandtheprinciplesandforcesoperatinginthenatural
,scientia,
scienceisnotdogmatic,butshouldbeviewedasanongoing
-forbenefits
ofstudentstakingabiologycourseisthattheywillbecomemore
familiarwiththeprocessofscience.
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childrendrivetheirparentsbattywithconstant"why"questions.

shopforgroceries,weareconductingakindofscientific
,andBrandYisonsale,
,even
,thennosale
willgetyoutotryitagain.
Inordertoconductscience,onemustknowtherulesofthegame
(imagineplayingMonopolyandhavingtodiscovertherulesasyou
play!Whichispreciselywhatonedoeswithsomecomputeror
videogames(beforebuyingthecheatbook).Thescientificmethod
,
suchastaxonomyandcertaintypesofgeology,laboratory
,after
formulatingahypothesis,additionalobservationsand/or
collectionsaremadefromdifferentlocalities.
Stepsinthescientificmethodcommonlyinclude:
:definingtheproblemyouwishtoexplain.
:oneormorefalsifiableexplanationsforthe
observation.
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:Controlledattemptstotestoneormore
hypotheses.
:wasthehypothesissupportedornot?Afterthis
stepthehypothesisiseithermodifiedorrejected,which
causesarepeatofthestepsabove.
Afterahypothesishasbeenrepeatedlytested,ahierarchyof
,with

beenrepeatedlytestedwithlittlemodification,

principlesofhowtheUniverseisorganized,
Thermodynamics,Newton'
theorydifferentlythanitisusedinthegeneralpopulation.
Theorytomostpeople,ingeneralnonscientificuse,isan
.
Scientificexperimentsarealsoconcernedwithisolatingthe

severalvariables,butratherasinglevariablethatcanbe

situationswhereallfactorsarethesamebetweentwotest
subjects,exceptforthesingleexperimentalvariable.
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wantstotesttheeffectofgangstarapmusiconpeaplantgrowth.
Sheplaysloudrapmusic24hoursadaytoaseriesofpeaplants
grownunderlight,
experimentsheconcludesgangstarapisconducivetoplantgrowth.
Herteachergradesherprojectverylow,citingthelackofa
,
butthistimeshehasaseparategroupofplantsunderthesame
conditionsastherappingplants,butwithsoothingLedZeppelin
,but

bettergrade.
TheoriesContributingtoModernBiology
Modernbiologyisbasedonseveralgreatideas,ortheories:




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RobertHooke(1635-1703),oneofthefirstscientiststousea
microscopetoexaminepondwater,corkandotherthings,referred
tothecavitieshesawincorkas"cells",Latinforchambers.
MattiasSchleiden(in1838)concludedallplanttissuesconsisted
,TheodoreSchwanncametoasimilarconclusion
,in1858,combinedthetwo
ideasandaddedthatallcellscomefrompre-existingcells,
-of-existence
extendingfromyourcellsbacktotheearliestcells,

composedofoneormorecells,andthatthosecellshavearisen
frompre-existingcells.
(L)
andFrancisCrick(R),and
themodeltheybuiltofthe
structureof
deoxyribonucleicacid,

asmallthing,their
developmentoftheDNA
modelfosteredincreased
understandingofhowgenes

Internet.
In1953,AmericanscientistJamesWatsonandBritishscientist
FrancisCrickdevelopedthemodelfordeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA),
achemicalthathad(then)recentlybeendeducedtobethephysical
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replicationandfurtherlinkedDNAtoproteins,anideasince
"language"
isconvertedintoRNA(ribonucleicacid)"language"andthento
the"language"
influenceofheredity(DNA)ontheorganism(proteins).
Homeostasisisthemaintainenceofadynamicrangeofconditions
,pH,and

afieldofstudythatcoversthelawsgoverningenergytransfers,
:
theconservationofmatterandenergy,

composedoftwothings:matter(atoms,etc.)andenergy.
Thesefirstthreetheoriesareveryacceptedbyscientistsand

,itremains
alighteningrodforschoolboards,politicians,andtelevision

saysandwhatitdoesnotsay.
DevelopmentoftheTheoryofEvolution
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Modernbiologyisbasedonseveralunifyingthemes,suchasthe
celltheory,geneticsandinheritance,FrancisCrick'scentral
dogmaofinformationflow,andDarwinandWallace'stheoryof

thesethemesandthenatureofscience.
TheAncientGreekphilosopherAnaxiamander(611-.)andthe
RomanphilosopherLucretius(99-.)coinedtheconceptthat
alllivingthingswererelatedandthattheyhadchangedovertime.
Theclassicalscienceoftheirtimewasobservationalratherthan
,Aristotle
developedhisScalaNaturae,orLadderofLife,toexplainhis
conceptoftheadvancementoflivingthingsfrominanimatematter
toplants,
the"crownofcreation"stillplaguesmodernevolutionary
biologists(SeeGould,1989,foramoredetaileddiscussion).
Post-Aristotlean"scientists"wereconstrainedbytheprevailing
thoughtpatternsoftheMiddleAges--theinerrancyofthe
biblicalbookofGenesisandthespecialcreationoftheworld
inaliteralsixdaysofthe24-
UssherofIreland,inthelate1600'scalculatedtheageofthe
earthbasedonthegeneologiesfromAdamandEvelistedinthe
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'scalculations,the
earthwasformedonOctober22,
partofUssher'sbook,
developedwastakenasfactual,andwasevenprintedinthefront
'sideaswerereadilyaccepted,inpart
becausetheyposednothreattothesocialorderofthetimes;
comfortableideasthatwouldnotupsetthelinkedapplecartsof
churchandstate.

.
Oftennewideasmust"comeoutofleftfield",appearingaswild
notions,butinmanycasespromptinginvestigationwhichmaylater
revealthe"truth".Ussher'sideaswerecomfortable,theBible
wasviewedascorrect,thereforetheearthmustbeonly5000years
old.
Geologistshadforsometimedoubtedthe"truth"ofa5,000year
(painteroftheLastSupper,andthe
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MonaLisa,architectandengineer)calculatedthesedimentation
,000
,convicted
hereticforhiscontentionthattheEarthwasnotthecenterof
theUniverse,studiedfossils(evidenceofpastlife)and

Hutton,regardedastheFatherofmoderngeology,developedthe
TheoryofUniformitarianism,thebasisofmoderngeologyand
'swork,certaingeological
processesoperatedinthepastinmuchthesamefashionasthey
dotoday,withminorexceptionsofrates,
geologicalstructuresandprocessescannotbeexplainedifthe
earthwasonlyamere5000yearsold.
TheModernViewoftheAgeoftheEarth
Radiometricageassignmentsbasedontheratesofdecayof
radioactiveisotopes,notdiscovereduntilthelate19thcentury,

,withtheoldestknownrocks
,
eroas,
obtainedat.
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,hilightingsomeofthefirstsintheevolution
.
Iftheverticalscalewastrulytoscaletheprecambrianwouldaccountfor7/8of
thegraphic.
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