初中化学知识整理(人教版).pdf

文档介绍：该【初中化学知识整理(人教版) 】是由【cby201601】上传分享，文档一共【26】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【初中化学知识整理(人教版) 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:.
1
1




2
!"#$%&'()*+,-,/01!2(34
35
3
7899:;<=?***@******@78ABD
EFGHP6?KL
MN
OPQ
RSDTUVWXYKZ[\
]^_`a
4
cdefgh?ijkl2mnokRpqD
?1DrsWsV
ts?uvwD
xs?yzu{D
?2D|}~rsyzWY€r‚ƒQ„rs…klW†‡ˆ‰;‹
xsyzu{
?3DŒhRHQWYf‘’rs“”•f‘t–—˜
C02W›œf‘•„žŸ ¡—•¢£•¤¥
?4D¦§¨W–©ª?« c¬­D•He©ª•cd®e¯v c¬­e
f
5
±„²­³´o­µ|}
‹W³±„²­¶|•´o­µ…·¸¹•COZ¼½0·¾¿
?±„²­³´o­µÀ¶ÁD
6
ÂÃÄÅƀ€Ç
€ÈÉÊWËoÌ̀ÎϳÐÑfÑÓghfghhԕÕÖ³‹fA׳
ØÙ
ÂGHWÚÛ

ÜÝÞklß
7
gh?€ágh«D
€
âYã-äY”å
?-DYçèéã-€€êë
f‘
fì
¬íî
ïðì
nñòèéã-€€êë
¬íî
efó
ôõöòèéã-99f‘
fì
ïðì?÷ øù€úéûüD
nYçýµèéã-€€êë
¬íî
nYçþµèéã-€€êë
f‘
¬íî
fì
ïðì
mnèéã-99·ÿ


---

.
!
"#$%&'
()*+
,-./01,-.234

56109:%
;<=->
?:
CD
;;EFG.HIJ%D
;<-
PQ(R1STUV(
2D
XYZ[%\]6“_X`[”
3D
X,-cdeEFf
;<ghD
eijEFkl;mnop
qr%s,esf
D
uv%wxyz{|%gh}~€e0‚%ƒ„
…}o†‡ˆ$…kD

4Z[.Š‹Œ0Z[S0p
n%Z[,Ž0p
o%[
SnŽo
5D
‘’Ž4“”[•VZ[–Z[—:.
˜01…;;™Kš
1™Kš%“.›PQ“C,”Rœ,žŸ %™Kš"0™K;¢.
£¤¥¦$(Ÿ™Kš,,.Ÿ %™Kšcd(Ÿ§;¨™Kš;©ª
«™Kš4.š¬‚ª,,­ª
2™Kš"%™K
,®¯™Kš
%2/3±,4²H1/4
3™Kš%£³´6Cµ¶³"³³·.™Kš%¶³01X
4}¸™KšeŸ†,¹º»™Ke¼½¾fŸ†;4!.¿‹‚
«ÀÁ«£³,,-.+Ã
ÄŒ*___ƌÇȌ
ƌŒ*ÇÈ%\]4eÇÈUÊ"ÌÇȌ%ÍÎ,›ÏÐÑ
ÒeÓÎf
ÇȌŒ*ÇÈ;4ÔÇȌ¥ÇÈÕÖ×fØ;Œ*Ö\eÙÇÈÚÊ
1/3ÌÛ.ÜÝÞ
ß´àXp!0%á;;
Íâ

¯ã4“
äåÈÚæd†‡"çèéêëãìí
Íâ
%äåÈڛîï$êäêðñòó%¥Íâ
Úôõ
€ö¼½÷øù2
-gh%.
1gh%úR
;<ûgheüLIk,gheþIÿ






,

2 
!"#$%& '()*+,-./,01234
56789,
12mL89'
<4=>
?-@>
AB-C>DEF#$G-.HIJK
L'
M“O>”!QR >DSTUVWXYZ[4=(&\[]
]^-.S_``ab,cde]fgZh
30 
jklmnol !pWVrstMvlmwl !xy
z
4 
4=|}~!2-€‚,1ƒ „…†'‡ˆ.
‰ŠS‹,1ƒŒŽ‘‡ˆ'T’4=-“_”•45_–
—-˜˜™}g4=-|}š›-2‚2-‡ˆ‰œ,?ž'
M4=
Ÿ~!
5d!a¡¢F
5
£]-¤¥4=
b
g4=§-
5¨©ª«X¬­JK_‚®
Ÿ
cd°±
-²³©ª´µ¶·‚,1ƒ„4=‘
d
5›-¹º»¼½¾
‚
5¿À
eµ·
5d§ÂÃ>DÄgJK
WÅKÆYÇ-ÈÉÊ
Ë4=…†:.
ÌÍYÎKÏÐmÏÐ]ÑÒÓÔ
ÏÐ]ÑÒÓÔ!¡“Õ5Ö×Øg
,S”ÙJKÀÆ,ÚÛÜ
ÝÞÕ5
_*]ßàF,áâÅã-Õ5_7*ä‚å,ÚÛÜæ-äç>?
è-é+,
ÏÐ>ê]'
OëìŸí
1Ÿí0§-45_.ï|ð,45ñí§¡òóñí,ôõ
Ÿí'
2Ÿí§-ö>÷°45Jö1/3,Ÿí§d45ŁùúË
£û-ñí§-¡d45òóñí,ü¤ý45þ
7Ÿí,çÿ



 

!#$%&'()“+,-./0”
“+,”)!23,45678
“-.”)1!26:;.<4524576>?.<!26:
;
“/0”)145***@630AB78
2CDEFGH
DEF***@I0J/K!26+:
3CDEFGH
ABMN30DEFOP
!Q !>RSTU6VWXY)
Z[\!>6AB6]^_`a>b
>bc<!2:;d!2e
f
ghi%&j)1JkO CDlFmno
$C)phi qrs<tPuvc wx>yz{
2|>b\}h]~€‚ƒb
„r …C†
‡†ˆ‰h
iŠ ‹
ƒbXŒŽ{~
36hi‘CC’“”•,6hi—˜™š›Jœž
‘Ÿg
 ¡
¢£¤6¥¦)
1§¨©§>aª§«¬O,YC6«­aª®¯6°¤O
2DE£¤¥¦]^6±²)DE£¤³6ˆ ´µxˆy ¶
x·H
3DE£¤O³Y¸¹)ºC6»¼Na2cOsÂ>¥ÃÄ¥¦,Å
CˆÆ¥
4DE£¤³YÈÂ<ˆ6¼©¼ÉÊË«©ÌÍÎ)ºCÏÎÍÂÐ,
ÅCˆÆ¥
5£¤¥]^Q Vқ ¥¦]^Q ‘aÓJÔÕ]
Ö-×ØÙÚÛÜÝ6Þßàáâj
1©Ö+ãÞßäxåæçè6Ëéê)ëìíÖ+ãCîïå毂‰ð

2©Þß6x‰ñäx
Þßx02N2coÏYßóôßbñõ­
2
‰b:.
bö‰21%78%%%%
÷
1ÞßOÊßý‚6þ¯
a©ÿ



b

c!"#$%&'()1/5
-
d/01234)61/5,89:;<4
N2)64/5,***@9:;<******@B;<CDEF
eHIJ%&'(KE1/5LMN
@OPQRS
TBUVWXYZ
[\BLMW******@B]1^;<
BUV_`YZ
[\BLM
***@Bab
c
d2e1fghijkl1mnghfo
p
dCOS0?vfw
xeyz{|}~€1gh‚fƒ}„COSO?NO/Q,y8†€‡
ˆ{|
d3e1ghfŠp‹Œ
ŠpŽp
‘’,“”•–,—˜™š›.SžŸ ,¡w¢
—˜y£¤{
‹Œ¥b¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯V°±B²³´fµ¶·¸
¹º»B¼½-¾¿ÀmÁÂÃ{
d4e}~«¬ghÄÅ
¡w¢—˜dÆÇÈvfwx{eÉÊËÌdCO?CH”{e
£¤dNO?SO?{eÏghdÐÑÒÓ{e
6w
d1ewfxÕ¦Öf¦9:;<×Øن
d2ewÚÛܦÝÌ

¦
_]1^‹:
ì]w^íîï¯ð°ñòFŸóôf

]1^íîõöf÷øÏùúû]w^íîüýføþÏùú
`
ÿ








.
!FesO&
')*+
,-./01
2345'60789
(
*WX;<
]ß#àá½âFãäåf}fjæçèféÉêxë
:,;
*=)>+?@A
!3&*CD:
FHIC*JJKLMN>O!PQ:RS*TU?V
W
XYZC*PQ2HAJ2H,0+02t!?5eMnOz&:.
2KMnO,JK,MnOi+MnO2+02t
2KC103J2KC1+3O2t
!4&Cnopqrstu
rsvwx=M?wxpqrsvyz{|}~=
€

!5&Cn*‚ƒ„…S†‡U!ˆ‰Š‹ŒCn*Ž0Opq‘&
a=„…v“”r”•”U”p”–”—
b=†‡U
™š›œžŸ ¡¢v£¤¥¦0§¨©ªš›«:
¬­®¯°)š›;±v²³´
µ¶¶)L›œ·1/3¹
º»›¼½¾¿ÀÁvÂÏ
̛œ¼”ÅÆÇv£¤‰Š‹ŒÈÉÊË»›
̏0OpqÍ
Îϲ³ÐÑÒÍÓpq!ÔÕ֏eš›+>
&
×XYØÙÍ
ږ»›Ó—ÛÜÝÞ:£¤0§ß©ªš›«:
àŽ>Opq͔
»›áâq,;±
!6&*YävŽåæç)q,œ
èYvŽåæçáËq,é
7êëì!íî&v)ëïð¼+ñò7óô{|ëïð¼õö
÷øù
|Sëï

|)ð¼úûüý/7ë{|A!”7þ?7&
êëì)ëïð¼+ÿ

8



 
I!"!#!" $% &
'()*+,*-./ 012#34 5 6(78
9:;
He Ne Ar Kr XeC
DE
+, FGHIFJ-KLM
G NGOP
9


RSTU
VWX
YZ
'[\]^
_`
9ab
c!de7
"fghWijT;
lmdnIopq
rdsIotu4r
9 vwxyz{|J}
~vw
Uƒ,!"
€‚†}‡ ˆ
 ‰xŠ‹ Œ
Ž
Kc‘vw'’q
“”•{–—˜™
š›œc
 
1 
žŸ
1F¡
¢S
A.¤¥-----F¡§
©ª-«¬F:.
c.®¯u4la°
±
__³´
µF*
D.~vw:2%º=2H2t+02t
¿}À¥ÁÂÃÂ
ÄÅ21
yÆÅ18
2-ÈÉ¥ÊVWX
YZYZË!
H2-ÌÈÉ¥Ê!Í
YZ------
!"d¿}ÎÏM
Wi
(2)ÒÓ‘Ôa {|žŸ

'ÕÖבÔ2Õa2×Ø1Õ2×ٟ

9~ÚÛdÖ×ÜÖÝ2×-ÜÖ
ÞÊß
~àá0,âãäå
æç
~à
èéH20
ê띩xyì©xy
'êëì©xy
žŸ‘Ôa{|Ø{|žŸ

9êëì©xy
ÕÖם^Ö×
îêëì©xy
ÕÖ×
ٟÕÖבÔïÕa2×؝Õ2×Ù
Ÿ

2 
~*y
(1)IFÖ¡2H2ðñ2H21+02t
(2)Üòóôxvw}Ÿõ(Üö*õ)dÞH20+Ca0==Ca(0H)2
(3)Üòóôxvw}Ÿ4dÞH20+C02==H2C03
3 
úû
(1)üH
A.ýþêÿ71%


B.!"80%&'(!)%
*+-0,%/0'(Na,%'(0
6789:;<=
=)>o
(2)CD
ACD*EFG“IJ”(JLMJNMJO)PQRMST<UVW
XYCZ[\]
BM^_CDEFG`JabcVde\]Mfgh\]PXYCai
cVde\]Mfgh\]PUVW
QRMST,fgj
QkTPlm+no
(3)qr67Est
^_uCD
4MvS
(1)vSwxyz{|}~M€M‚Mƒ(=„*V…†),
‡vSwxˆ‰Šƒ‹PŒ"‚Š
Ž€Š
vY


(2)‘’“
A.•–‘!"—%˜™šM›SU*;
“<!!—>˜™šM›SU*
B.žŸ…†E
T "¡L¢X£¤—>‘£¤—%“
C.‘“S…†Eƒ¥M¦§:.
D.©ªj
‘«cE¬­T ®<¯v°±P²³´µ¶·¸<¹
¬­º»¼µj½¾¿ÀÁÂÃIJ³ÅÆ
5M‡È
É1ÊËÌÍ&™ÎÏ:Ð+)ÑS*
É2ÊÒÓE
ÔÕÖ×ØyÙÚ¿„ÛÚÜÝ"ÞßPCUS0„+5H20
=CuSOtå5H20
çEË
èÕÖMXéêMëuìÑSíMîï
IMìOH2
1M*V+EðñOuÉòó\ôO†ÊPõ™É\†Ê
2MSö+E
É1ʘºÉ
÷E|øº»åPìÑùúûüý/0Ê
þº2H2+O2====2H2O


!"
2#$%&'()*+
,H2+CuO===Cu+H2012“456”
89:;<=>?"@
ABCD%E#$%FGHHICJCO
3J12FL
MN
$OZn+H2s(X=ZnS04+H2tZn+2HC1=ZnCl2+H21
ZD&[\]F$^[\]_`%a
ZD&[b]cd]F$^[b]ed]_fg%o
4J1ijklmnopJqJrjs
kJtuv$u
tu$u
wtuyz{GHg|%H}AF$uyg|;g€F}A~
x~
‚ƒAJHAaZ„…†a‡ˆ
‰tuy‹$uŒ***@FtuJ$uyŒ***@GHF~
Š
Žg|;g€tuDt$uZDt

g|‘FLH’g|‘€tut“”$u$u•–—˜@–Ftu
™JGHF—***@JŒ@št›
—@GHœG‹ž—@
$u*+JŸ2‚J J¡¢
GHŒ***@tu£¤g1‹¤g1tuŒ@¥J2JN2>C12O
J©uNaCl¢©ug˜G£¤g«‹«©uNa¤©uC1
Œ@
“¬˜G­®GH
t¯C°H*+J±*+JŸ2‚
'Lœ´µ®žµ®GH:.
g˜G:r·g˜GCH1JC2H5HJC6H26J¼9J½¾H­®
žr
fgGH20CUOC02
¸n·g˜G,
]HC1H2SO4HN03
´NaOHCa(OH)2KOH
\NaClCuSOiNa2CO3
Ù°GHŒ***@FÄÅÆÇ|È
1J$uFŒ@
1$uBŒÉÊËFÌÍ
ÎÏHuÐrÖ×ØÕ
$uÎ
+12)282}ÑÒÓ2
$uθ€uZ×Õ
ÔÕu$u
JJJ
Õu×ÙÚ.
õÕuÒ
2’$u€ÎÕÜÐ=HuÐ=ÎÑÕuÐÝÞwž®›
HuÐÎÕÜÐ
3$uFHß à€’$uÎÓ5kÞwáÞwžg|%H
}ÑÒÕuÐ
4âã$uHäHuÐ+€uÐåÞw$uFH
$uÎ
æç}ÑÒÕuÐâèég|%HZµwâèMg,He}ÑÒÕuД2
}ÑÒÕuÐZèég|%HDiâíHe,Neî”ïwBŒ
2Jž
1wxðâèÎÕÜÐHuÐFµ›$uFñò
!µ®žv󵮝žFôHŽHuÐZè
õÊX
*‹è®ž—***@FGHZµwy°H£‹2J—***@F¬˜Gc*÷
øvøùF¬˜GZDiyg˜G
2úÉ
µžûüýýþÿ

a

b,
''I!"#$"#$
%&*()*+,-"./FeHeCSi
*6*+789:;<=(>?&***@A(B?&@30<
3#$
c(FGH
*IJKLMN
r7PQR7GHSTGHU$V:******@YUZ:[\]8
*^M_`1
L18dQR16fSTfgUhVU:******@U$V:[\]8Rijk/WlS
*%:#$n:=/$pqr:sh-ghVU$:uvw
***@xqrNC,ghVU$:uvz4
|}(~HeNeoghVU$:uv2‚:.
d„…
e†g‡ˆ0SiAlFe‹Œ0CH
3$ŽU#$‚#$
(1)’&Fe""”$Ž3.•–UZ
X#
(2)$—˜&™š›
$œ$£¤
%&œ#$&™ž/$:=U$:Ÿ #$—˜&
¥/$:W¦
§U$:’gh
*#$:7U$: $—˜&™
r/$:¡U$:Ÿ ¢$@AI3+JVU$:¨X@
©U$V:-=
/$:¬U$:Ÿ ­$***@O2-IWX
(3)œ#$žœª«
$
®$…#$
¢$­$
®$—˜/$:=U$:/$:zU$:/$:¬U$:
®$Uk¨¯Uk¯–Uk¯°Uk
ž±¢²*+±­³*+
*+±*+

´µ/¶·
1i¸¹
a
’&Mg¼i¸¹ +2¹MgCl2¾i¼¿¼i¸¹
 +2¹
bÀ:Á
Fe2tÃĔ$ŽÅ.•–UZ3FeJ3Ĕ$
2H2ÅDŽ$@ÃDŽ$Á(2È#$
ci¸µ¿T–°i¸¹É:Ê Ë
di¸¹Ì#$6Í·i¸µÎJÏÐk/@ÑÒ./„$¿
i¸¹ 0
2ijÓ
(1)

a./qr}(~’ Ô:ÕÖxqr×ر*+ÙÚijÓp
Û~È~Ü~¾~¦xqr~„$ÝÅ#$˜·@ÞijÓ
2ßN2CI2o
bi¸µ–¹67@°¹6;(Nib,QLáh)
(2)&ijÓÀ0&4vijÓFe&3v
(3)âã:
aâãWä„$/å=TWä#$/åX#$:†Ê
bâãµ/¶·/å£Wä#$/åX#$:†£
câãµ/¿/å„:
ç.èijéÓzê›v
"/åëìíî
1ïðñ8ijòóTµ//åôÊ,¦²òó;õ·Tµ//å
ôÊ:.
ö÷¥/åëìíî<ø±²ijùi@¨ø±²µúùip
§¨ñ8òóµ//咨Ìõ·µµ//å¨=âû“ôÊ”
¿,
©þÿ



2!"#$%&'()*+,-./$%
##0./”
3!"1--6./789:*./;<=&'
*./
$%&'()*./
2>6?/***@7&'>6/
1A%&'>6/
3BC?/A%:(BC/
DEFG
1HI$JKLMNOPQRSHT*TU6V
2WXYZa\]b_`cbc
3deL2H2+2h2H2Pi
K7Zejk89_`lmnop_`q
89r
SZejsm89tuA%<2wlA%x1wnA%
y892

$%w(zwrA%
{|}#A%w(z~€tz
‚u*zƒ(X…{A%*tz†4ˆ*lx32ˆ*
n‰Š‹8936ˆ
*r
4EFGŽ‘’
K“”
;S•–—˜_`89™“”
89;š
‚›%…{(*;œ!"*TU#~
~
5žŸEFG ¡
0'¢
1£&¤¥'¢
K‹¦§&
§&L¨
9©>&
SA¦>&89§&
§&L¨ª«
¬­>&®m>&‹#89©>&®m©>&‹

š¯A§&‹…°±­9A#89©²§&‹
2n³$
rnµ¶n
1³$·¸n
rn¹Žn
1³$¹º»n¼½³$¹¾CCO
3mÁxÂß89Ämr
Å6®<ÆmÆn:.
>ÆÇ&®
1ÈÉÊ
CËÌÍÎÏ,BŸÑÒÊÓÔÕÖÒ×ØÒ
Ù~
2ÊÚ
CÎÛÜt>,ÝÞßàá,âãáBŸÑäåæ
çàèàéàêãë~
ÈÉÊmÊÚìáíîïð$ñÆ$%òó.ô
COmCO?áíîïð$ñA%õ9.ô
36öƦÊÚ÷ømù*úõ9.üý:ÿ



.


,,

!"
#.$%&
'(%)
$%&
*+%,-,.,/$%&
'(%01234!
1678
9:
2;<)
12<=>?***@ABC
DEC02:C+0,F=COz
G12<=>?***@GABC
DECO2c+0HIJ2co
3KL)C+2CuOM72Cu+C0zt>NOPQCQ)STU
VW)XYZ[\]E^_`X
abc]de"
2Fe203+3C^^4Fe+3C02t
f#?'&
gh
1******@m
no)>L+pNqjC

1rDpN)sPQ*tuvPQwxy:)
PQ*z{m
|},******@m~€‚ƒg

rDpN"
PQ*z{m„…m
G|†},******@m~g‡
rDpN"

2ˆ‰Šh)***@m
‹ŒvŽy:)
cchˆ‰C0‘ch
‹Œ’“@”•–“***@hC0?‘•–“***@h
‹Œ’“@—•T“***@h
2#?'&
ijkgh
1L+)aba˜™š‚PQ)CaC0t+2HCl==CaCl2+H20+C02t
2›˜gœ***@34
rDpN
3***@mˆ‰Šh)•–“***@h
4jŠh)žgŸ
***@m ¡¢£
abc
¤de
z#?'&"
j¥Šh)¦<
w
§¨‰@©Iª
w«¬"­®‰¥#?'&
***@m"
3#?'&
TUgh)
¯=aba)CaCa°›CaO+CO?t
Dab˜cPQ;Ÿ±ab)Ca0+H20=Ca
OH2:.
²#?'&
%
1*+%)´X
´µ
***@m
‹Œ’“@”
c
€¶·78;Ÿ{
m---¹º
2'(%)
1C¼½¾¿8G<=,ÀGÁÂ<=
GÃÄÅ
2C„cPQDE&‚)CO2+H2O==H2CO3DE
&‚ÌÍX
aÎυ]
`

H2CO3==H2O+CO2t&‚G9:
ÑҎ
3CÌ¢£
abc]de)C02+Ca>0HC2==CaC0;!I+H20×PQqj#
?'&"
4C„Ù}
&PQ)C+CO?ۛ2co
>}PQ,Þz'ßPQàz?'KLPQ
C0?z?'á
C
zKLáC
3â)¬ã>¬ãäL+)Na2C0:i+2HCl==2NaCl+II20+C02tC
Þéê*+%
àéê'(%
¹ºëTìígîá
7kïð
4#?'&ñòó
ôõ)öñ§÷ø7kùQ"
ú¼?'&
1*+%)´X
´µ
***@m
‹Œ’“@û—
c
2
ü)ýþ„ÿ




3COC!"#$%&'()
1)$%2C0+02./2c$%1%23456789)
:;%<=>?***@ABCD=>
C0;%<=>?***@ACD=>
CH”;0?%<=>?***@AHICD=>
JKLCOCH,$%:O%<PQR$ST=>UD)
VWXYC0ZC+\0]H2+CO)
2)'(C0+Cu0=^=Cu+C02abcde)efghij
klmDnopqrsID tuVqvw
Fe2)3+3C0z{2Fe+3cOzkl}D~opqrmD tuVqvw)
€CO[C0ƒ„…tuV†‡ˆ‰C02+2Na0H==Na2C0:i+H20
C02[CO]„ŽnC0+Cu0=^=Cu+C02
Ca0[CaC0j’“”<R$•–—)CaC03^=Ca0+C02t
™š67CaO?›œCaC03•–—CaC03+2HCl==CaCl2+H20+C02t
CV67Ÿ•–—  ¡¢P£„…¤¥tuV):.
¦7¨©%<ª«¬f
3%<;­=
1%<®¯
3R$)
1)$%Q2)†°)3)±9²³´=1
2­=(µ’5¶€%<®¯·š3¸¹$)
1)¶€$%Q2)º»†°)3)¼±³´=1½¾
3¿À%<klÁÂ$%QÃ9YÄÅÆÇ
%ÈÉÊ%<˸®¯1)5ÌÍΰ
2)%ÈY°ÌÍÏÄÅÆÇ
4ÑÒ$%QÓÔ°ÕÖ×Ø%< ÇÙØÚÛÜÝÑÒ
3Þ$%$