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theancestryofthepianocanbetracedtotheearlykeyboardinstrumentsofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies---thespinet,thedulcimer,,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,'stonewasmetallicandneverpowerful;nevertheless,becauseofthevarietyoftonepossibletoit,,vigoroustonewasthefavoriteinstrumentforsupportingthebassofthesmallorchestraoftheperiodandforconcertuse,butthecharacterofthetonecouldnotbevariedsavebymechanicalorstructuraldevices.
thepianowasperfectedintheearlyeighteenthcenturybyaharpsichordmakerinitaly(thoughmusicologistspointoutseveralpreviousinstancesoftheinstrument).thisinstrumentwascalledapianoeforte(sortandloud),toindicateitsdynamicversatility;itsstringswerestruckbyarecoilinghammerwithafelt-.
aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance.
note:
musicalinstruments
(弦乐)
1)plectrum:harp,lute,guitar,mandolin;
2)keyboard:clavichord,harpsichord,piano;
3)bow:violin,viola,cello,doublebass.
(木管)-winds:piccolo,flute,oboe,clarinet,bassoon,englishhorn;
(铜管):frenchhorn,trumpet,trombone,cornet,tuba,bugle,saxophone;
(打击组):kettledrum,bassdrum,snaredrum,castanet,xylophone,celesta,cymbal,tambourine.