国际战略研究中心-可持续国家：环境、治理与中东的未来（英文）-2021.5正式版.doc

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SUSTAINABLE
STATESEnvironment,Governance,andtheFuture
AUTHORS

WillTodman
AReportofthe
CSISMiddleEastProgram
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SUSTAINABLESTATES
ABOUTCSIS
TheCenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies(CSIS)isabipartisan,nonprofitpolicyresearchorganizationdedicatedtoadvancingpracticalideastoaddresstheworld’sgreat-estchallenges.
,(D-GA).Foundedin1962,,whohasservedaspresidentandchiefexecutiveofficersince2000.
CSIS’—nonpartisanship,independentthought,innovativethinking,cross-disci-plinaryscholarship,integrityandprofessionalism,’svaluesworkinconcerttowardthegoalofmakingreal-worldimpact.
CSISscholarsbringtheirpolicyexpertise,judgment,androbustnetworkstotheirre-search,analysis,,publish,lecture,andmakemediaappearancesthataimtoincreasetheknowledge,awareness,andsalienceofpolicyissueswithrelevantstakeholdersandtheinterestedpublic.
CSIShasimpactwhenourresearchhelpstoinformthedecisionmakingofkeypolicy-.
CSISdoesnottakespecificpolicypositions;accordingly,allviewsexpressedhereinshouldbeunderstoodtobesolelythoseoftheauthor(s).
©:978-1-5381-4037-6(pb);978-1-5381-4038-3(ebook)
CenterforStrategic&InternationalStudies
1616RhodeIslandAvenue,NW
Washington,DC20036
202-887-0200|
Rowman&Littlefield
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Lanham,MD20706
301-459-3366|
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TheauthorswouldliketoexpresstheirthankstothemanyexpertsinJordan,Lebanon,andTunisiawhosharedtheirknowledge,insights,-ablecollectionsofscholars,engineers,andpractitionerswhohelpedshapethiswork.
Thefirstisourprojectadvisoryboard:HEAdnanAmin,-lah,,,-jalla,FidaGeagea,KishanKhoday,RoulaMajdalani,,,,,,whichgrewpalpablyastheprojecttookshape.
Thesecondisourworkinggroup:-Bahar,,KarimElgendy,,AnnikaKramer,Jessi-caObeid,MaisanOtoum,MohammadAl-Saidi,TessaTerpstra,FranziskaWehinger,,andwehopethatoureffortswillhelpcontributetothesuccessoftheirown,astheireffortscertainlydidforours.
TheauthorsarealsoverygratefultothebroaderCSISMiddleEastPro-gramresearchteam—McKinleyKnoop,DannySharp,andCalebHarperprovidedextensivesupport—andwearegratefulfortheresearcheffortsofcurrentandformerinternsMahmoudGhanem,HumzahKhan,Han-nahBrown,Buthainaal-Zubair,MaxHamid,SarahThomas,andLaurenFredericks.
TheauthorswouldalsoliketoexpresstheirgratitudetotheteamattheCSISiDeasLab,whoseproductionanddesignexpertisehasenrichedthefinalproductimmeasurably.
Finally,,whichsup-,aswellastheopinions,conclusions,andrecommendationsexpressedinitsfindingsarethoseoftheauthorsalone,andtheydonotrepresenttheviewsoftheembassyorthegovernmentofQatar,whichneitherreviewedtheproject’sfindingsnorprovidedanyinputtothembeforepublication.
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVESUMMARY IV
INTRODUCTION 1
JORDAN 6
GovernanceofServiceDelivery 7
Power 8
WaterandSanitation 12
Waste 16
Analysis 21
LEBANON 22
GovernanceofServiceDelivery 24
Power 24
WaterandSanitation 28
Waste 33
Analysis 36
TUNISIA 37
GovernanceofServiceDelivery 38
Power 39
WaterandSanitation 44
Waste 48
Analysis 52
COMMONALITIES 53
ObstaclestotheTransitiontoSustainability 54
TheTrustDeficit 59
CONCLUSION 65
ABOUTTHEAUTHORS 68
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Theimportanceofenvironmentallysus-tainablepublicutilitiesintheMiddleEast
isanimprobabletopicforaWashingtonthinktankstudy.
Yet,manycountriesintheMiddleEastfaceseriouschallengesprovidingutilities
inanymannertotheirpopulations,-
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SUSTAINABLESTATES
EXECUTIVESUMMARY

tallysustainableservicesintheMiddleEastwouldbeaneffectivewaytoaddressmanycitizens’grievanceswhichgobe--isfactionwiththequalityofgovernanceandhelpbuildtrustbetweencitizensandtheirgovernments.
Thisstudyexaminesthreesectors—power,waterandsanitation,andsolidwaste—inJordan,Lebanon,,’sre-silienceanddiminishtheirvulnerabilityinachronicallyunstableregion.
-,theissueisexistentialforthedesertcountry.
Lebanonhasaverydecentralizedsys-tem,butaspectsofithavebeencapturedbysectarianactorsandbusinessinter-estswhoprioritizemaintainingtheireconomicandpoliticalpower.
Tunisiaemergedfromarevolutionade-cadeagowithakeeninterestinmov-,however,thatfledglinginstitutionsareoftenincapableofimplementingdurablechange,especiallywhenlegacyinstitu-

tionsseektoguardtheirexistingprerog-atives.
Allofthegovernmentsunderstudystraintoprovideservicestoday,andwhiletheyhaveallexpressedinterestinenviron-mentallysustainablesolutions,-sequentialexperiments,manyofwhichweresuccessfulandpointthewayforreplicationinindividualcountriesandre-gion-wide.
Thisstudyfoundthattheprovisionofen-vironmentallysustainableserviceswouldhaveanumberofsalutaryeffects:itwouldprovideserviceseconomically,itwoulddosoinwaysthatminimizepollutionandconservevitalresources,,providinglocal,,intheestimationofthestudy’sauthors,spreadtomanyotheraspectsofpubliclife.
Thetopicseemsmundane,technical,andnotworthyofhigh--stead,itshouldbeseenasthemoreper--vironmentforfuturegenerationsbutalsocontributetolastingsocialpeaceaswell.
INTRODUCTION
WaterhelpedmaketheFertileCrescentfertile,buttheareaisnowamongthemostwater-poorintheworld.
Growingpopulationsandincreasinglyintensiveagricultureregularlyoutstriptheyieldsofriversandrainfallsanddepleteancientaquifers.
Theregion’swealthandabundancewerelegendaryinantiquity,buttoday,theMiddleEastfacessimilarpressurestothosefoundthroughoutthedevelopingworld.
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SUSTAINABLESTATES
INTRODUCTION

Growingurbanpopulationsstraininfra-structure,createunprecedentedamountsofwaste,andconsumegrowingamountsofelectricityrequiredfortransportation,heatingandcooling,industrialproduc-tion,andmore.
Infact,manyMiddleEasternstatesareevenworseoffthanmanyoftheirmid-dle--gencieshaveinterruptedeffortstobuildinfrastructureandhavedrivenhighlevelsofdisplacement,insideandout--placementhasdriventheconstructionoflargeswathesofinformalhousing,sometimesonlybelatedlyconnectedtopublicutilitiesandoftendefyinglong-’strou-blesbytriggeringdeepeningwatershortages,increasingmigrationfromthecountryside,anddrivinghighelectricalconsumptioninthesummer.
Despitefrequentinternationalsupport,governmentsoftenstruggletoprovidereliablepower,water,,requireextensiveongoinginputs,workintermittently,-izenscomeintodailycontactwiththesebasicservices,itisnowonderthattheirpoorqualityhasoftenbecomeacom-monrallyingcryintheMiddleEast.
Newtechnology-basedapproachespro--mentallysustainableapproachestotheprovisionofutilitiesareoftenmorede-centralized,arelesstechnicallycomplex,

andgenerallyhavemuchloweroperat--nitionofenvironmentalsustainability,sustainabilityeffortsfocusonbringingprocessesintoalignmentwiththere-,renewableenergyreducespollutionandhelpsavertdramaticcli-matechange,-mentoftenfavoredmaximizingshort-termhumanbenefit,whiletwenty-firstcenturyapproachesseektoalignhumanbenefitwiththeenvironment.
shifttowardmoreenvironmental-lysustainableeffortstoprovidepublicutilitiescanaddressmanyofthegriev-ances—andpublichealththreats—thatanimatetoday’,theseinitiativescreatepositivehabits:localaccountability,distributedtechnicalexpertise,-scale,sustainable,andmorelocallyfocusedprojectsdis-couragemonopolistsandprofiteersfromsweepingin,,localities,andthepopulationstheyserve,revers--nationalfinancialinstitutions,NGOs,governments,bigbusinessinterests,en-trepreneurs—thesamegroupsthatcouldplayakeyroleinpromotinginvestmentandcreatingjobsfortheregion’syoung
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INTRODUCTION

,ex-pertise,andstakeholdersforsustainableenvironmentalprojectswouldcreatecompetenciesthatflowintootherareasaswell,creatingagreatercultureofex-perimentationandentrepreneurshiptoinvigoratelocaleconomies.
Successinthisrealmwouldrequiremorethantechnologyandblueprints,howev---tivechange—oftenreinforcedbyexperi-ence—-termthinking,diminisheslong-terminvestment,andencouragesshort-termprofit--easofsocietywithholdtheinformationnecessarytoplaneffectively,,thepowerfulintheMiddleEasthaveaddedtotheirstrength,-videthoseservicesinanenvironmental-lysustainablemannercancontributetoavirtuouscircleinwhichservicesim-prove,trustincreases,sustainabilityisenhanced,economiesgrow,andpublicwelfarerises.
Inordertoexploretherolesthatenvi-ronmentallysustainableservicepro-visioncanplayinArabsocieties,CSISexploredthreecountriesintheEastern
“
Ashifttowardmoreenvironmentallysustainableeffortstoprovidepublicutilitiescanaddressmanyofthegrievances—andpublichealththreats—thatanimatetoday’spublicdebate.
Mediterraneanbasin:Jordan,:theyareallmid-dle-incomecountries,theyhavesimilardemographics,andtheyenjoyahighde-greeofinternationalinterestandfinanc-