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Article
FrontiersinSocial–EcologicalUrbanism
JohanColding1,2,*,KarlSamuelsson1,3,LarsMarcus4,ÅsaGren2,AnnLegeby5,MetaBerghauserPont3
andStephanBarthel1,6
1DepartmentofBuildingEngineering,EnergySystemsandSustainabilityScience,UniversityofGävle,
Kungsbäcksvägen47,SE-80176Gävle,Sweden;karl.******@(.);stephan.******@(.)
2TheBeijerInstituteofEcologicalEconomics,RoyalSwedishAcademyofSciences,,
SE-11418Stockholm,Sweden;asa.******@
3DepartmentofComputerandGeospatialSciences,UniversityofGävle,Kungsbäcksvägen47,
SE-80176Gävle,Sweden;meta.******@
4DepartmentofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,
SE-41296Gothenburg,Sweden;lars.******@
5SchoolofArchitecture,KTH,RoyalInstituteofTechnology,SE-10044Stockholm,Sweden;
ann.******@
6StockholmResilienceCentre,StockholmUniversity,Kräftriket2B,SE-10691Stockholm,Sweden
*Correspondence:******@
Abstract:Thispaperdescribesanewapproachinurbanecologicaldesign,referredtoassocial–
ecologicalurbanism(SEU).Itdrawsfromresearchinresiliencethinkingandspacesyntaxinthe
analysisofrelationshipsbetweenurbanprocessesandurbanformatthemicrolevelofcities,where
onthreetypesofmediaforurbandesignerstointerveneinurbansystems,includingurbanform,
institutions,anddiscourse,
paperendsbypresentingfourfutureresearchfrontierswithapotentialtoadvancethefleldof
Citation:Colding,J.;Samuelsson,K.;
Marcus,L.;Gren,Å.;Legeby,A.;social–ecologicalurbanism:(1)urbandensityandcriticalbiodiversitythresholds,(2)humanand
BerghauserPont,M.;Barthel,-humanmovementinurbanspace,(3)theretroflttingofurbandesign,and(4)reversingthetrend
FrontiersinSocial–Ecologicalofurbanecologicalilliteracythroughaffordancedesignsthatconnectpeoplewithnatureandwith
,11,.
/
land11060929Keywords:social–ecologicalsystems;urbandesign;climate-changeadaptation;ecosystemservices;
cognitiveresiliencebuilding
AcademicEditors:Michael
,DefneSungurogluHensel
andAlessandraBattisti
Received:
Accepted:15June2022Social–ecologicalurbanism(SEU)isincreasinglyusedbyresearcherstoimprove
Published:
Publisher’sNote:MDPIstaysneutralurbanecologyandurbandesign[1–3].Itsfocusliesuponhowurbanformshapesand
withregardtojurisdictionalclaimsininfluencescombinedsocialandecologicalservicesinthebuiltenvironment.
publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffll-WhiletheSEU-approachisgaininginterest,itisnotwell-knownamongurbanscholars
,
,entitled
‘Social-ecologicalurbanism:PerspectivesonUrbanResilienceandSustainableDevelop-
ment’,washeldattheUniversityofGävle,SwedeninNovember2016[4].Thesecond
Copyright:©2022bytheauthors.
symposium,entitled‘BalancingDenseandGreenUrbanDevelopment’,washeldinJune
LicenseeMDPI,Basel,Switzerland.
2019inthecityofGothenburg,Sweden,anditwasorganizedbytheDepartmentofArchi-
Thisarticleisanopenaccessarticle
conditionsoftheCreativeCommonsthebalancingactneededtoendorsedifferentmeasuresofdensitythatembracetheadvan-
Attribution(CCBY)license(
/).andlivablecities(,accessedon23April2022).
Land2022,11,:///land11060929:.
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AnearlytextbookonSEUhasalsobeenlaunched,describinghowtheapproachcan
beusedinbuildingdesignstoimprovesocial–ecologicalresilience[1].Thetextbookiscur-
rentlyusedatsomeuniversityteaching-andtrainingprogramsandurbandesignschools.
Inthispaper,ouraimistopresenttheSEU-approachtoawideraudienceofscholarsand
practitionersinurbanplanning,land-use,urbandesign,andlandscapearchitecture.
MethodologyandArticleOutline
Themainpurposebehindthisperspectivepaperistolaydownthefoundationsand
outlineforfutureresearchareasofanewapproachforanalyzingurbansystems,referred
tohereassocial–
changeandbiodiversitylossthathumanitynowfaces,theSEU-approachstressesthat
urbanresearchneedstonarrowthegapbetweenecologistsanddesignerswhenitcomes
tocreatingmoresustainablecities,withcollaborationfocusingontheenhancementof
social–ecologicalresilience[1].Earlierattemptsofbridgingthisgaphavetraditionally
beendominatedbyrelativelystaticdesignapproaches,ignoringmorenon-linearand
complexunderstandingsoftheinterconnectednessofthesocialandecologicalsystems[3].
Urbandesignershaveavailedecologistsmainlyasconsultantsandinthecollectionand
classiflcationofdatainvariousdesignproposalsandhavetraditionallyincorporated
andnon-linearunderstandingoftheinterconnectednessofurbanecologyandurbandesign
thattheSEU-approachcallsforisashiftinfocus,wherehumansbecomeresituatedfrom
beingoutsideecosystemstobeingintegratedwithinthem,orasstewards‘navigating’the
systemfromwithin[3].IntheSEU-approach,humansbecomeco-creatorsofnaturethrough
theintegrationandmanagementofecosystemservicesintandemwithsocialservicesin
variousurbandesignprojectsandbyadoptingsocial–ecologicalresiliencethinkingasa
guidingdesignprinciple[1].
Forthemethodappliedinwritingthisperspectivearticle,weusetheinductive
approachadoptedbyBartheletal.[5],enablingmulti-layeredandcross-disciplinarycollab-
orationandanalysisfromadiversesetofscientiflcdisciplinesrepresentedbytheauthors’
backgroundsinthenatural,social,
developedbyConradandSinner[6]asawaytoencouragescholarstoworktogether
tocreateinteractivitywithotherresearchersandprofessionalsandtoexplorequestions,
generateknowledge,andexpresssharedunderstandingsofcomplexphenomena.
WebeginbypresentingthetheoreticalframeworkoftheSEU-approach,includingthe
byanelaborationofthewaysthattheSEU-approachcanbeusedforstudyingurban
processesandtheirrelationtourbanformatthemicrolevelofcities,.,dealingwiththe
aimtomeasureandexperiencethecityattheeye-level-scale,wheresocialandecological
institutionsandproperty--approach
couldhelptorealizeseveralAgenda2030targetsinurbansettings,wedonotaddress
witharealpotentialtostrengthencollaborationamongurbanecologists,urbandesigners,
architects,andotherpractitionersinvolvedintheshapingofsustainableandresilientcities.
-Approach
TheSEU-approachdrawsonstudiesoftheresilience-buildingofinterlinkedsocialand
addressedandstudieddisruptionsincomplexadaptivesystems,primarilyecosystems.
Whilethereexistanumberofdifferentdeflnitions,themostdynamicinterpretationis
ecologicalresilience[7,8],signifyingthemagnitudeofdisturbancethatcanbeabsorbed
beforeasystemchangesitsstructurebychangingthevariablesandprocessesthatcontrol
itsbehavior[9].:.
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BerkesandFolke[10]originallyusedtheterm‘social–ecologicalsystem(SES)’to
emphasizetheconceptof‘humans-in-nature’,arguingthatsocialandecologicalsystems
hasgrownrapidlyoverthelasttwodecades,withwellover13,000scientiflcpublications
devotedtosocial–ecologicalsystems[11].Inthispaper,weregardthe‘builtenvironment’
asanurbansocial–ecologicalsystem,consistingofasetofcriticalnatural,socioeconomic,
andculturalresources(orcapitals)whoseflowanduseareregulatedbyacombinationof
ecologicalandsocialsystems[12],includingtechnologies[13,14].
Morespeciflcally,theSEU-approachseekssynergiesbetweensocialandecological
systems,whereresilienceimpliesabsorbingdisturbanceswithoutlosingfundamental
social–ecologicalfunctions[15].Thebasicprinciplesforenhancingresilienceinthefunc-
tionsvitaltourbansystemsarestilltentative,especiallywithrespecttocouplingsbetween
infrastructure,biophysicalprocesses,andthebuiltenvironment[16].However,thereis
agrowingliteratureonecologicalengineering,greenandblueinfrastructure,ecosystem
services,andnature-basedsolutionsexploringgreencontributionstourbanresilience
(.,Refs.[17–19]).TheSEU-approachsharesmanysimilaritieswithotherinterrelated
-
ologicalapproachesthatcancapturethecomplexinterrelationshipsbetweenurbansocial
systemsandecologicalsystemsbothwithinandbeyondcities[20].
Althoughscholarshavedealtwithresilienceinurbansystemspreviously(.,Refs.[21,22]),
andhowresilienceprinciplescanbelinkedtourbandesign[23,24],fewattemptshavebeen
madetolinkresiliencetospecificvariablesofurbanform,therebymakingitmoreinstructive
forundertakinginterventionsinurbangovernance,planning,,
theSEU-approachsetsthetheoreticalfieldofresiliencescienceintocommunicationwithspace
syntaxtheory[25],whichisafieldparticularlywell-posedforstudyingurbandynamicsat
small-scalespacesthatformurbanspacetopologies[2].Whilewearenotabletoelaborateon
spacesyntaxtheoryatanylengthinthispaper,itrepresentsanapproachforincreasingthe
understandingofthecognitivelevelofurbanspacebyapplyinganalyticalmeasurementsat
descriptivesocio-spatialanalyticaldata[26].
Whileresiliencetheoryandspacesyntaxtheoryrepresentthetheoreticalbasesinthe
SEU-approach,anothertheoreticaldepartureconcernsthedevelopmentofknowledgethat
caninforminterventioninsocial–ecologicalsystemsthroughurbanplanninganddesign
(Figure1).Suchinterventionis,however,neverconducteddirectlyonthenaturaland
socialprocessesthatconstituteurbansystemsbutviaparticularmedia,suchas‘urban
form’,‘institutions’,and‘discourse’[2].Urbanformrepresentsthemorphologyofthebuilt
environmentandthebiophysicallandscapeinwhichitisembedded,anditistheanalytical
,regulations,and
conventionsofsocietythatdictatewhatcanandcannotbedoneinurbanspace;hence,
coordinatehumaninteractionthroughbothformalconstraints(rules,laws,constitutions)
andinformalconstraints(normsofbehavior,conventions,attitudes,andself-imposed
codesofconduct),andtheirenforcementcharacteristics[27].Property-rightsarrangements,
includingrightsandobligationstolandanditsresources,representkeyinstitutional
mechanismsthatframehumanactivitiesincities,suchas,forexample,howtoorganize
andmanageecosystemservicesorsocialservices[28].:.
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URBANGOVERNANCEDISCOURSE
URBANPLANNINGINSTITUTIONS
URBANDESIGNURBANFORM
(SELF-ORGANIZINGSOCIAL,ECONOMICANDECOLOGICALSYSTEMS)
,urbanplanning,andurbandesign.
,urbanplanning,andurbandesign.
Whileurbanformconventionallybelongstothepracticeofurbandesign,institutions
belongtourbangovernanceandplanning,whichiswhythenegligencetotreatthemWhileurbanform