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英语自考本科英语语法名词解释.pdf

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文档介绍:该【英语自考本科英语语法名词解释 】是由【wawa】上传分享,文档一共【37】页,该文档可以免费在线阅读,需要了解更多关于【英语自考本科英语语法名词解释 】的内容,可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能,选择自己适合的文档,以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字,如需要获得完整电子版,请下载此文档到您的设备,方便您编辑和打印。:.

ThePredicativemodalauxilityisacategoryofmodal
,ratherhomogeneousin
nature,isconcernedwiththespeaker’sassuptionor
assessmentofprobabilityand,inmostcases,indicatesthe
speaker’
example,might,may,could,can.

Anaphoricrefernce:
personalpronoun,forexample,oftenhasanaphoric
reference,
,annwasstudyingforher
,
shehasanaphoricreference.
-finiteverbs:
Thenon-finiteverbsaresocalledbecausetheyarenot
markedforttenseofforsubject-
threetypesofnon-finiteverbs:infinitive,-ingparticipleand
–edparticiple.

Theextrapositionisdefinedasthereplacementofthe
postponeditembyasubstituteform.
第1页:.


spokenorwritten,proseorverse,
maybeanythingfromasingleproverbtoawholeplay,froma
momentarycryforhelptoall-daydiscussiononacommittee.

Participlesbelongtonon-finiteverbtype.
Therearetwokindsofparticiples:-ingparticipleand–ed
participle.

Whenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itis

callthiskindofparticipledanglingparticiple.
“fronting〞
“fronting〞isatermwhichreferstotheremovalofan
itemfromitsunmarkedpost-subjectpositiontothemarked
pre-
positionanitemwhichdoesnotusuallybelongthere,sucha
grammaticaldevicedisturbstheexpectedrouteof
informationflowandinevitablebringsaboutunusualness,.
“thismanovertherepeopleinthevicinityhaveaverylow
opinionof.〞
第2页:.
“ellipsis〞
Thebasicprincipleofellipsisisleavingoutsomething
understoodandhenceproducesimcompletesentenceswith
,
somehowlikesubstitutions,setsupcohesiononthebasisof
structuralrecoverabilitywithreferencetothelinguistic
:
nominal:whygivemetwocupsofcoffeeIonlyaskedforone.
:A:haveyouseenhimbefore
B:yes,Ihave.
:A:willitraintomorrow
B:perhaps.

Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthe
premodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecede
anyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.

Themajorfunctionofprepositionsistoconnectnouns,
verbsandadjectivestootherpartsofthesentence,..Iget
uoearlyinthemorning.

Disjunctsconveyacommentonthecontentoftheclauseto
第3页:.
whichtheyareperipherallyattached.

Adjuntisawordoragroupofwordswhichweaddtoa
clausetosaysomethingthecircumstancesofaneventor
situation,forexample,when,whereorhowitoccurs.

Itisusedtocoveralltheverbformsthatexpress
assumptionscontrarytothegivenfactornotlikelytobe
materialized,andbecomesafarlessimportantverbal
categorythanwassuggested.

Coordinationisrealizedbycoordinatorswhichjoinunitsat
thesamelevel.

Subordinationisrealizedbysubordinators,involvesthe
linkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyforma

whichisattachedtothemainclause.

Doublegenitive,alsoreferredtoasthe“postgenitive〞,is
alsocalledbecauseitisacombinationofthegenitiveandthe
of-phrase,suchasafriendofmybrother’s.
第4页:.

Nounclassesincludepropernounsandcommonnouns.
Commonnounsincludecountablenounsandmassnouns.
Countablenounsincludeconcretenounsandabstract
nouns.

Propernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,
propernounnormallybeginswithacapicalletter,hasno
pluralformandcannotoccurafteranarticle.

Nounscannottakepluralarecalledmassnouns.

Collectivenounsrefertoagroupofpeople,animaland
things,whichareusuallycountable.

Itisalsocalled"partitive",isaveryspecialclassofwords
thatisusedtospecifythequantitiesmeasuresandshapesof
themodifiednounsuchas:piece,batch,bunch,item,etc.

Nounsarealwaysoccurinpluralform.

Threetendenciesareatworkintheinflectionofcompounds
第5页:.
forplural:pluralizethelastelement,pluralizethefirst
elementandplurizebothfirstandthelastelements.

Singularinvariablearenormallyinvariablesingulars,
propernounsandmassnounsbelongtosingularinvariables.
:
Thosequestionsthatsuggesttwo(ormore)alternativesand
usuallyimplythatoneofthemcouldbetrue.
-exclamations:
Exclamationsthatareledbytheadverb‘how’.It
highlightstheadjective,adverb,orverbinexclamations.
:
Theyarewordsborrowedfromsomeotherlanguageswhich
stilltaketheiroriginalformsofplural,Mostoften,theyare
from-Latin,French,Greek:alumna--alumnae,
index--indices,plateau--plateaux,analysis—analyses,etc.

Formsorconstructionusedtodenotepossession,
measurementorsource.
Example:John’scar;amoment’sdigression;the
resistanceofIraq
-progressiveverbs
第6页:.
verbsthatcannotoccurintheprogressiveaspect.

Anyoneoftheinflectedformsintheconjugationofaverb
thatindicatesthetemporallocationofaneventorastateof
affairs.

Aspectreflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregarded
orexperiencedwithrespecttotime.
-passiveandbe-passive
Get-passiveisfarlesspopularthanbe-
are:first,get-passiveisgenerallyavoidedinformasyle,and
evenininformalEnglishitisfarlessfrequentthan
be-,semantically,get-passiveistypically
usedtorefertoanevent,ratherthanastate;todenotethe
consequenceratherthattherocess,ofanevent;andtolay
emphasisonwhathappens()tothesubject
asaresultoftheevent,ratherthanwhoactuallycausesthe
event.
-passive:
Apseudo-passivesentenceispassiveinformbutactivein
-participleisadjectivalizedsothatitbecomes
,itcanoccurina
第7页:.
comparativeconstruction,withavarietyofprepositional
phrasesotherthanby-phrase,andwithotherlinkverbs
besidesbeandget.
:
Apropertyofverbsorasetofverbinflectionsindicatingthe
relationbetweenthesubjectandtheactionexpressedbythe
verb.
:
Asetofverbformsorinflectionsusedtoindicatethe
speaker'sattitudetowardthefactualityorlikelihoodofthe

isusedtomakefactualstatements,thesubjunctivemoodto
indicatedoubtorunlikelihood,andtheimperativemoodto
expressacommand.
-passive:
Thepassivemadeupof‘auxiliarybe+v-ed’.Forexample:
ThebookwaswrittenbyHamilton.
be-subjunctive:

Anallomorphisanindistinctivevariantofamorpheme.
-subjunctive
Itisformallymarkedbytheuseofthebaseoftheverb;that
第8页:.
is,theverbinvariablyoccursinthebaseformfreefromthe
concordconstraintswiththesubjectandfromthetense
:Itisimportantthat
thebosshandleitinperson.
:
OneofasetofEnglishverbs,includingcan,may,must,
ought,shall,should,will,wouldandetc.,thatare
characteristicallyusedwithotherverbstoexpressmoodor
tense.

Theinfinitive,whichoccursasaverbinthebaseform
withouttoiscalledbareinfinitive.
Preposition:Insomelanguages,awordplacedbeforea
substantiveandindicatingtherelationofthatsubstantiveto
averb,anadjective,oranothersubstantive,asEnglishat,by,
in,to,from,andwith.
:
Italsotermed‘agreement’,canbedefinedas‘the
relationshipbetweentwogrammaticalunitssuchthatoneof
temdisplaysaparticularfeaturethataccordswitha
displayedfeatureintheother.
:
第9页:.
Statementsintheformofsimplesentencesarethe

functionistoconveyinformation,inapositivewayorina

polarity-positivestatementandnegativestatement.
:
Anassertivesentenceiseitheraninterrogativesentenceor
.
-assertion:
Anon-assertivesentenceiseitheraninterrogativesentence
-assertivewords
andnegativewords.

Anegativestatementbasicallyexoressesthespeaker’s

statementcanbeaccomplicatedbyinsetingavarietyof
negativewords,amongwhich“not〞isbyfarthemost
commonlyusedeitherinwritingorinspeaking.

Transferrednegationreferstitheshiftifnagationfromthe
subordinateclause,whereitsemanticallybelongsto,the
,
第10页:.
believe,suppose,imagineandexpect,thatis,verbsthat
express“opinion〞.
-negatives
Semi-negativesrefertowordswhicharenegativein
,rarely,
scarcely,hardly,barely,little,few,
ordinarynegativeitemsaresuchthattheyarefollowedby
non-assertiveratherthanassertivewordsandthattheyare
followedbypositivethannegativetagquestions.
-noquestions
Theyaresocalledbecausetheycanbeansweredbya
simple“yes〞or“no〞.theychallengethevalidityofthe
propositionbywayofaskingforconfirmationordenialofthe

finalrisingtone.
-finiteclauses
Thenon-clasusesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaid
andverbsinnon-finiteforms
-questions
Theycoversallquestionsthatnormallybeginswith
wh-seriesofwords,,when,why,who,whose,which
,theyaresometimes
第11页:.
called“informationquestions〞becausetheyrequiresome
,theyaskfordetails
aboutapartofit.

Theyfallintotwosubclasses:oneisformedonthebasisof
yes-noquedtions;theotheronthebasisofwh-questions.
Theysuggesttwoalternativesandusuallyimplythatoneof

answers.

Theyarealsocalled“disjunctivequestions〞.Atag
questionnormallyconsistsofastatementandaquestiontag.
Thetagisayes-
thenorminanegativetag.



typicallytaketheformofanimperativesentenceandthe
mainverbinanimperativesentencetakesthebaseformand

imperativesaregenerallyformedbyadding“don’t〞inthe
intialpositionandsubstitutingnon-assertivewordfor
第12页:.
assertivewordwhereapplicable.

Therearetwomajortypesifexclamations:
what-exclamationsandhow-
emotional;theyexpresstheextentofourimpressionof
something,typicallyoursurprise,excitement,amazement,
disappoinment,
exclamationmark.
-exclamations
Itiskindofexclamationwhichisintroducedbywhat,
“what〞,adeterminerinawhat-exclamation,helpsto
identifytheideaexpressedbythenounphrasewhereit
-nounphrasecanbeobject,complement,
-nounphrasecanbea
singularcountablenounanditcanalsobeapluraloran
uncountablenoun.
-exclamation
Thisexclamationisintroducedbyhow.〞how〞isan
-lightstheadjective,adverb,orverbin
exclamations.