文档介绍：PATTERN AND
DETERMINANTS OF UNITED
STATES’ INTRA-INDUSTRY
TRADE
Yanhong Zhang
Don P. Clark
This study identifies country and industry-level determinants
of intra-industry trade and ponents, vertical (VIIT) and
horizontal (HIIT) intra-industry trade, in bilateral . trade.
Unlike studies for other countries, . intra-industry trade is
found to be dominated by HIIT rather than VIIT. This finding is
important because HIIT tends to have relatively low factor adjust-
ment costs relative to VIIT. Industry specialization takes place
within, rather than across, product lines within the same industry.
Two new variables contribute to our understanding of intra-indus-
try trade. Country-level product differentiation and the interaction
between technological innovation and foreign direct investment are
found to be important determinants of both HIIT and VIIT.
Distance, foreign direct investment flows, scale economies, and
Yanhong Zhang is an associate professor at the School of
Economics, Renmin University of China, 59, Zhongguancun
Dajie, Beijing, China. E-mail: ******@ruc.
Don P. Clark is a Professor of Economics in the Department of
Economics, at the University of Tennessee, 527B Stokely
Management Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-0550, USA.
E-mail: ******@
THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOURNAL, Volume XXIII, No. 3, July--September 2009 325
ISSN: 0885-3908 print/1521-0545 online. DOI:
326 THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOURNAL
seller concentration affect HIIT but not VIIT. Other influences
exert similar influences ponents of intra-industry trade.
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I. INTRODUCTION
During the 1960s, researchers including Verdorn (1960), Dreze
(1961), and Balassa (1965) found trade patterns induced by economic
integration in Western Europe did not lead to greater specialization
across industries as predicted by the traditional factor endowments
model. Instead, researchers found the most rapidly po-
nent of tra