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10
Use of English
1 What Will Be is an impressive and visionary guide to the
future, filled with insights on how information technology will
transform, our lives and our world in the new century.
The author, Michael Dertouzos, stands ( 1 ) from many of the
forecasters and commentators who bombard us daily with (2)
of this future. For twenty years he has led one of the world's
( 3 ) research laboratories, whose members have brought the
world ( 4 ) computers, the Ether Net, and start-up companies.
As a visionary, his ( 5 ) have been on the mark: In 1981,
he described the ( 6 ) of an Information Marketplace as ”a
twenty-first-century village marketplace where people and
computers buy, sell, and freely exchange information and
information services. That's a ( 7 ) description of the
Internet as we know it today.
Naturally, we do not agree on all the ( 8 ) ways the new world
will ( 9 ) or affect us. This is as it should be. There is
plenty of room for ( 1 0 ) ideas and debate concerning the
rich and promising setting ahead. What6s more important is that : .
people become ( 1 1 ) , and form, their own opinions, about
the changes ( 1 2 ) .
When it ( 1 3 ) to that future world, what we do (14)
far outweighs our differences New businesses will be created
and new ( 1 5 ) will be made in the ( 1 6 ) areas of
activity this book describes. More important, radical changes
in hardware, software, and infrastructure will ( 1 7 ) in
ways large and small our social lives, our families, our jobs,
our health, our environment, our economy, and even the
( 1 8 ) we see for ourselves in the universe. Whoever
( 1 9 ) the coming Information Revolution?: that's
( 2 0 ) all of us: needs to know What Will Be.
A. beyond
B. behind
C. apart
D. out
2 (2)
A. highlights
B. perceptions
C. adventures
D. speculations
3 (3) : .
4 (4)
-minded
-defined
5 (5)
B. interpretations
6 (6)
C. view
D. angle
7 (7)
B. inaccurate : .
8 (8)
A. mere
B. typical
C. specific
D. odd
9 (9)
B. assemble
D. depress
10 (10)
A. ingenuous
B. pervasive
C. democratic
D. original
I K (11)
A. informed
B. acquainted
C. confined
D. reassured : .
12 (12)
A. past
B. inwards
C. ahead
D. upside-down
13 (13)
A. adds
B. amounts
D. comes
14 (14)
A. scorn
B. consent
C. encounter
D. surpass
15 (15)
A. dooms
B. fortunes
C. destinies
D. prophecies
16 (16)
A. lofty : .
17 (17)
A. reign
B. alter
D. breed
18 (18)
A. scope
B. context
D. territory
19 (19)
A. anticipates
B. justifies
C. dominates
D. foretells
20 (20)
A. plausibly
B. thoroughly
C. virtually : .
: Reading Comprehension
1 Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions
below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
At some point during their education, biology students are told
about a conversation in a pub that took place over 50 years ago.
J. B. S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was asked whether he
would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick
calculation on the back of a napkin, he said he would do so for
two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to
protect the equivalent of his genetic contribution to the next
generation.
The theory of kin selection
the idea that animals can pass on
their genes by helping their close relatives: is biology6s
explanation for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual
carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die
younger than one with "selfish" genes, and thus to have a
reduced contribution to the next generation's genetic pool But
if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its
relatives, genes for altruistic behavior, might nevertheless
Warning : .
Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be
explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within
biology. An animal might care for the offspring of another that
it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits
for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism).
The hunter who generously shares his spoils with others may be
doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and
ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently
selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of self-interest.
All of these examples fit economists6 arguments that Homo
sapiens is also Homo economics: maximizing something that
economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is
a residuum of human activity that defies such explanations:
people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost
wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to
which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and
natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts
of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful
behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage
that of another. But people are now trying to find answers.
When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always
helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr. Fehr and his colleagues : .
argue for a behavioral propensity they call “strong
reciprocity”. This name is intended to distinguish it from
reciprocal altruism. According to Dr. Fehr, a person is a strong
reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind
to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are being
unkind. Significantly, strong reciprocators will behave this
way even if doing so provides no prospect of material rewards
in the future.
The story of J. B. S. Haldane is mentioned in the text .
honor his unusual altruistic acts.
B. to show how he contributed to the country.
introduce the topic of human altruism.
give an episode of his calculation abilities.
2
According