文档介绍：J pet Trade (2008) 8:199–229
DOI -008-0043-0
Producer Services, Manufacturing Linkages, and Trade
Joseph Francois & Julia Woerz
Received: 30 October 2007 /Revised: 18 January 2008 /
Accepted: 20 August 2008 / Published online: 4 October 2008
# The Author(s) 2008. This article is published with open access at
Abstract Working with a mix of panel data on goods and services trade for the OECD for
1994–2004, combined with social accounts data (. data on intermediate linkages) for 78
countries benchmarked to the panel midpoint, we examine the role of services as inputs in
manufacturing, with a particular focus on indirect exports of services through merchandise
exports, and also on the related interaction between service sector openness and the overall
pattern of manufacturing exports. From the cross-section, we also develop a set of stylized facts
linking services to the level of development and the density of intermediate linkages. We find
significant and strong positive effects from increased business service openness (. greater
levels of imports) on industries like machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals and electric
equipment, supporting the notion that off-shoring of business services may promote the
competitiveness of the most skill and technology intensive industries in the OECD. Conversely,
we find evidence of negative general equilibrium effects for sectors that are less service intensive.
Keywords producer services . linkages . manufacturing exports . service imports .
multiplier effects
JEL F14 . L8 . O11
Thanks are due for support from the World Bank for this project. Thanks are also due to seminar participants
at the European Economic Associate meetings and the European Trade Study Group meetings. All errors are
of course our own.
J. Francois (*)
Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
e-mail: joseph.******@
J. Francois
Tinbergen Institute, Rott