文档介绍：The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood ; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between anism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on anism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.① But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because anism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by anism and vice versa(反之亦然).
In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even plicated (复杂的)because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者)of culture.② If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on anism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate(气候), soil, plants and such-like factors(基因) common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors.③ But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at ano