文档介绍：该【西方哲学史 】是由【青山代下】上传分享，文档一共【13】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【西方哲学史 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..西方哲学史LT:..:..:..:..--forexample,RousseauandByron-thoughnotphilosophersatallintheacademicsense,;veryfewphilosophershaveinfluencedphilosophyasmuchasAlexandertheGreat,Charlemagne,,ifonlybehadexisted,,itisnecessarytohaveverydrasticprinciplesof:..,fromreadingstandardhistoriesofphilosophy,thatveryountsconveynothingofvaluetothereader;Ihavethereforeomittedaltogether(withfewexceptions),Ihavementionedwhatseemedrelevantasregardstheirlivesandtheirsocialsurroundings;,;Ihavenodoubtthateverysinglephilosopherwhom:..Ihavementioned,withtheexceptionofLeibniz,,however,thiswereconsideredasufficientreasonforrespectfulsilence,,ofPlatoonChristianphilosophyuntilthethirteenthcentury,oftheNestoriansontheArabsandthenceonAquinas,ofSaintAmbroseonliberalpoliticalphilosophyfromtheriseoftheLombardcitiesuntilthepresentday,,havingbeenoriginallydesignedandpartlydeliveredaslecturesattheBarnes:..,Ihavebeengreatlyassisted,inresearchandinmanyotherways,bymywife,;theother,,butitisthepresenceofboth,insomedegree,,somewider,,,asIshallunderstandtheword,,itconsistsofspeculationsonmattersastowhichdefiniteknowledgehas,sofar,beenunascertainable;butlikescience,itappealstohumanreasonratherthanto:..authority,--soIshouldcontend--belongstoscience;'sLand,exposedtoattackfrombothsides;thisNoMan',,and,ifso,whatismindandwhatismatter?Ismindsubjecttomatter,orisitpossessedofindependentpowers?Hastheuniverseanyunityorpurpose?Isitevolvingtowardssomegoal?Aretherereallylawsofnature,ordowebelieveinthemonlybecauseofourinnateloveoforder?Ismanwhatheseemstotheastronomer,atinylumpofimpurecarbonandwaterimpotentlycrawlingonasmalland?OrishewhatheappearstoHamlet?Isheperhapsbothatonce?Isthereawayoflivingthatisnobleandanotherthatisbase,orareallwaysoflivingmerelyfutile?Ifthereisawayoflivingthatisnoble,inwhatdoesitconsist,andhowshallweachieveit?Mustthegoodbeeternalinordertodeservetobevalued,orisitworthseekingeveniftheuni:..thingaswisdom,oriswhatseemssuchmerelytheultimaterefinementoffolly?,alltoodefinite;,ifnottheansweringofthem,,then,youmayask,wastetimeonsuchinsolubleproblems?Tothisonemayanswerasahistorian,,insofarasIamcapableofgivingit,,theiractions,ininnumerableimportantrespects,havedependedupontheirtheoriesastotheworldandhumanlife,,wemustunderstanditsphilosophy,:thecircumstancesofmen'heirphilosophy,but,conversely,:..Thereisalso,however,,butwhatwecanknowislittle,,ontheotherhand,inducesadogmaticbeliefthatwehaveknowledgewhereinfactwehaveignorance,,inthepresenceofvividhopesandfears,ispainful,,,andyetwithoutbeingparalyzedbyhesitation,isperhapsthechiefthingthatphilosophy,inourage,,asdistinctfromtheology,,,fromtheeleventhtothefourteenthcenturies,wasdominatedbythehurch,exceptforafewgreatrebels,suchastheEmperorFrederickII(1195-1250).Thisperiodwasbroughttoan:..thirdperiod,fromtheseventeenthcenturytothepresentday,isdominated,morethaneitherofitspredecessors,byscience;traditionalreligiousbeliefsremainimportant,butarefelttoneedjustification,,,likereligionandscience,,socialcohesionwassecuredbyloyaltytotheCityState;evenAristotle,thoughinhistimeAlexanderwasmakingtheCityStateobsolete,';inAthens,inasionalpersecutions,citizenshad,inthebestperiod,;,firstto:..,ontheonehand,alossofvigourthroughthebreachwithtradition,and,ontheotherhand,,,which,likeStoicism,wasoriginallyunpolitical,since,duringitsfirstthreecenturies,,duringthesixandahalfcenturiesfromAlexandertoConstantine,wassecured,notbyphilosophyandnotbyancientloyalties,butbyforce,,Romanroads,Romanlaw,andRomanofficialsfirstcreatedandthenpreserved